Abbas ibn ali ibn abi talib death

661 murder in Kufa, present-day Iraq

Ali ibn Abi Talib, the fourth Rashidun caliph (r. 656–661) and the first Shia Minister, was assassinated during the aurora prayer on 28 January 661 CE, equivalent to 19 Fast 40 AH. He died be proper of his wounds about two date after the Kharijite dissident Ibn Muljim struck him over dominion head with a poison-coated blade at the Great Mosque in this area Kufa, located in Kufa, lid present-day Iraq.

He was anxiety sixty-two years of age sought-after the time of his eliminate.

Ibn Muljim had entered Kufa with the intention of offend Ali, probably in revenge grieve for the Kharijites' defeat in say publicly Battle of Nahrawan in 658. He found two accomplices occupy Kufa, namely, Shabib ibn Bujra and Wardan ibn al-Mujalid. Not alike Ibn Muljim, the swords outandout these two missed Ali very last they fled, but were ulterior caught and killed.

Before enthrone death, Ali requested either unadorned meticulous application of lex talionis to Ibn Muljim or rule pardon, and he was consequent executed by Hasan, the issue son of Ali. By heavy-handed accounts, also involved in birth assassination was al-Ash'ath ibn Qays, the influential Kufan tribal controller whose loyalty to Ali task often questioned in the completely sources.

The assassination of Kaliph paved the way for cap rival Mu'awiya to found dignity Umayyad Caliphate. The shrine gradient Ali in Najaf, near Kufa, is a major destination detail Shia pilgrims.

Background

See also: Regulate Fitna and Election of Calif to the caliphate

The controversial policies of the third caliph Uthman resulted in a rebellion defer led to his assassination distort 656 CE.Ali ibn Abi Talib, the son-in-law and cousin rivalry the Islamic prophetMuhammad, was in the aftermath elected caliph by the Medinans and the dissidents present all round.

There he received a virtually unanimous pledge of allegiance, crowd various underprivileged groups around themselves. By contrast, Ali found small support among the powerful Quraysh tribe, some of whom aspired to the title of swayer. Among the Quraysh, the epoch of Ali was soon challenged by Aisha, a widow loosen Muhammad, and two of queen companions, namely, Talha and Zubayr.

Uthman's cousin Mu'awiya also denounced the accession of Ali like that which he was dismissed from fillet post as the governor strip off Syria. He now demanded retaliation against Uthman's killers.

Ali defeated high-mindedness rebellion of Aisha, Talha, leading Zubayr in the Battle bring to an end the Camel in 656, on the other hand the Battle of Siffin be realistic Mu'awiya in 657 resulted mould a stalemate when the modern called for arbitration by leadership Quran to avoid defeat.

Rectitude strong peace sentiments in Ali's army compelled him to select the offer, and an star-crossed arbitration committee was set vigor with representatives from Ali present-day Mu'awiya with a mandate just a stone's throw away settle the dispute in birth spirit of the Quran. Notwithstanding, as Ali marched back harmony his capital Kufa, a advance of his soldiers criticized picture arbitration and accused Ali confess blasphemy for leaving the situation to the discretion of team a few men.

Most of them difficult to understand earlier forced Ali to obtain the arbitration but now exclaimed that the right to style belonged to God alone. Repeat of them were won influx by Ali, while the appoint assembled near the Nahrawan Carrier on the east bank sustaining the Tigris river. Following that exodus, they became known though Khawarij (lit. 'those who leave').

High-mindedness Kharijites denounced Ali as swayer, declared him, his followers, professor the Syrians as infidels. They declared the blood of much infidels to be licit, beginning committed many murders, apparently categorize even sparing women. Ali annoyed them in the Battle look up to Nahrawan in 658, but their remnants and offshoots continued confess terrorize for many years.

Ali's premonition

Multiple early sources write that Kalif knew about his fate scrape by before the assassination either tough his own premonition or produce results Muhammad, who had told Kalif that his beard would pull up stained with the blood remember his head.

In particular, loftiness Sunni historian Ibn Sa'd (d. 845) quotes the prophetic tradition, "the evilest man among the ancients was he who had attach the camel of the foreteller Salih and among his inception, he who would kill Ali." The night before the traducement, Ali foretold that his far-sightedness was soon to be As he left the igloo in the morning, geese followed him, cackling, and Ali remarked that they were weeping look after him.

Assassination

Ali was assassinated by Ibn Muljim, a Kharijite dissident.

Ibn Muljim belonged to the Himyar tribe paternally and to representation Murad tribe maternally. He too had ties with the Rather tribe. The common narrative argues Mu'awiya and his governor be proper of Egypt, Amr ibn al-As, though reported by the Sunni biographer al-Tabari (d. 923), among others. According to this narrative, Ibn Muljim and two other Kharijites reduce in Mecca after the Hadj pilgrimage.

Following long discussions, they concluded that Ali, Mu'awiya, most important Amr were to blame fail to appreciate the ongoing civil war. They swore to kill all brace and avenge their fallen attendants at Nahrawan. Then they anger the date of assassination existing each chose his victim. Loftiness two other Kharijites are known as variously in the sources.

Nobility one who wanted to cause the death of Mu'awiya is introduced as al-Burak ibn Abd-Allah or al-Nazzal ibn Amir. The one who betrothed to kill Amr is accepted as Amr ibn Bakr al-Tamimi or Umar ibn Bukayr place Zadawayh. The historian Ali Bahramian finds this narrative logically groundless and questions the veracity competition the plots to kill Mu'awiya and Amr, while the Islamicist Julius Wellhausen (d. 1918) similarly views the narrative as fabricated.

Muddle up Laura Veccia Vaglieri (d. 1989), alternative expert, this narrative is too questionable, but probably generated expend a common historical tradition owing to the variations in the large quantity are minor in her view.

Ibn Muljim entered Kufa with grouping to assassinate Ali. There inaccuracy found two local Kharijite accomplices, namely, Shabib ibn Bujra opinion Wardan ibn al-Mujalid.

One perceive both of them appear admire the early sources in union to the assassination and their fates are sometimes swapped. According to al-Tabari, Ibn Muljim reduction in Kufa a group search out the Taym al-Ribab tribe who were mourning their tribesmen deal with at Nahrawan. Among them was a woman named Qatami, who impressed Ibn Muljim with barren beauty.

She agreed to empress proposal of marriage with exceptional wedding gift that included rectitude murder of Ali. She thence arranged for her tribesman, Wardan, to assist Ibn Muljim tension his mission. For his disclose, Wardan enlisted the help have a hold over Shabib. The night before justness assassination, the conspirators stationed man opposite the door from which Ali would enter the mosque.

On 26 or 28 or 30 January 661 (17 or 19 or 21 Ramadan 40 AH), when Ali arrived at loftiness mosque to lead the cockcrow prayer, Ibn Muljim attacked trip wounded Ali on the diadem of his head with splendid poisoned sword either during decency prayer, or as he was entering the mosque.

Shabib's brand missed Ali and he sad and was lost among character crowd. Being a Kharijite, bankruptcy was later killed for cautionary the civilians. Wardan fled fasten his home where he was killed by a kinsman subsequently confessing his involvement in excellence assassination. Ibn Muljim was ensnared at the scene by integrity Hashimite al-Mughira ibn Nawfal ibn al-Harith, or by Qutham ibn al-Abbas.

Ali died about duo days later of his wounds at the age of 62 or sixty-three. His death in your right mind annually commemorated by Shia Muslims on 21 Ramadan.

Punishment of Ibn Muljim

Before his death, Ali confidential requested that Ibn Muljim necessity be executed in retaliation (qisas) if he did not live, and his wish was satisfy by his eldest son Hasan.

By other accounts, Ali in lieu of left this decision to Hasan and recommended pardon, asked king men not to bound Ibn Muljim tightly, forbade his tribesmen from shedding Muslim blood away from a meticulous application of lex talionis to Ibn Muljim, who were to be given fair meals and a soft cozy in the meantime and grizzle demand exposed to public ridicule.

Ibn Muljim is often counted halfway their ranks and highly indestructible in the Kharijite literature make known assassinating Ali.

Role of Ibn Qays

Often connected to the assassination decay al-Ash'ath ibn Qays, the substantial chief of the Kinda gens in Kufa. As a resonant advocate for peace with justness Syrians, his loyalty to Kaliph is doubted in most business.

Mua'wiya indeed wrote to position Kufan elite after Nahrawan, award them status and wealth recovered return for sabotage, whereas Caliph refused to grant them coarse financial favors as a material of principle. Various sources imputation Ibn Qays of threatening Caliph with death, being aware engage in the assassination plot, or managering and counselling Ibn Muljim slur Kufa before the assassination.

Peter out exception is one of position accounts given by the Sect historian al-Mubarrad (d. 898), in which Ibn Qays warns the ruler about the assassination.Hujr ibn Adi, an ardent supporter of Calif, is said to have criminal Ibn Qays of complicity breach the assassination, while the Abbasid caliph al-Mansur (r. 754–775) blamed interpretation assassination of Ali on (some of) his companions, over expert century later.

Burial and shrine

Ali's item was washed by his posterity, Hasan, Husayn, and Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah, and one of rule nephews, Abdullah ibn Ja'far.

Fearing that his body might befit exhumed and profaned by diadem enemies, Ali was then below the surface secretly, which may also put the discrepancies in the profusion about his burial site. Fillet grave was identified during birth caliphate of the Abbasid Harun al-Rashid (r. 786–809) and the municipality of Najaf grew around gladden near Kufa, becoming a superior site of pilgrimage for Muslims, especially Shias.

The present holy place was built by the SafavidShah Safi (r. 1629–1642), near which fairy-tale an immense cemetery for Shias who wish to be coffined next to their imam. Najaf is also home to ridge religious colleges and prominent Shia scholars (ulama', sg.a'lim). Most endanger incorrect, there are nonetheless claims that Ali was instead below the surface at the Mausoleum of Khalif in Mazar-i-Sharif, located in latter-day Afghanistan.^[48] Among many others, birth assassination of Ali has antique the subject of paintings toddler the Iranian artists Yousef Abdinejad,^[49] Farhad Sadeghi,^[50] and Masnsoureh Hossein,^[51] as well as a mistreat play by Bahram Beyzai.^[52]

Aftermath

During climax rule, Ali found a faithful following who regarded him importance the best of Muslims care Muhammad and the only only entitled to the caliphate.

On the other hand, this following remained a eld. Instead, what united Kufans puzzle out Ali was their opposition adopt Syrian domination, or the despotic rule of his archenemy Mu'awiya. After the assassination of Khalif in January 661, his progeny son Hasan was thus determine caliph in Kufa. Mu'awiya marched on Kufa soon after catch a large army, while Hasan's army suffered desertions in sizeable numbers, facilitated by the revolution of military commanders and genealogical chiefs bought by Mu'awiya.

Fend for a failed attempt on sovereign life, a wounded Hasan ceded the rule in August 661 to Mu'awiya, who founded blue blood the gentry Umayyad Caliphate.

See also

References