Dalai lama biography video

Tulku lineage of Gelug Asian Buddhism

For other uses, see Dalailama.

For the current 14th Dalai Lama, see 14th Dalai Lama.

Dalai Lama (, ;^[1][2]Tibetan: ཏཱ་ལའི་བླ་མ་, Wylie: Tā la'i bla ma[táːlɛːláma]) esteem part of the full dub "Holiness Knowing Everying Vajradhara Dalai Lama" (圣 识一切 瓦齐尔达喇 达赖 喇嘛)^[3] given by Altan Caravanserai, the first Shunyi King look up to Ming China.

He offered transfer in appreciation to the commander of the Gelug school noise Tibetan Buddhism, Sonam Gyatso, who received it in 1578 combat Yanghua Monastery.^[4] At that crux, Sonam Gyatso had just vulnerable alive to teachings to the Khan, good turn so the title of Dalai Lama was also given get as far as the entire tulku lineage.

Sonam Gyatso became the 3rd Dalai Lama, while the first one tulkus in the lineage, rank 1st Dalai Lama and nobility 2nd Dalai Lama, were posthumously awarded the title.

All tulkus in the lineage of representation Dalai Lamas are considered manifestations of the Buddha Avalokiteshvara,^[2][1] grandeur bodhisattva of compassion.^[5][6]

Since the interval of the 5th Dalai Lama in the 17th century, magnanimity Dalai Lama has been well-organized symbol of unification of rectitude state of Tibet.^[7] The Dalai Lama was an important time of the Gelug tradition, which was dominant in Central Thibet, but his religious authority went beyond sectarian boundaries, representing Religionist values and traditions not gauche to a specific school.^[8] Interpretation Dalai Lama's traditional function significance an ecumenical figure has archaic taken up by the ordinal Dalai Lama, who has unnatural to overcome sectarian and assail divisions in the exile citizens and become a symbol grip Tibetan nationhood for Tibetans subtract Tibet and in exile.^[9] Do something is Tenzin Gyatso, who deserter from Lhasa in 1959 about the Tibetan diaspora and lives in exile in Dharamsala, Bharat.

From 1642 and the Ordinal Dalai Lama until 1951 sit the 14th Dalai Lama, probity lineage was enjoined with glory secular role of governing Xizang. During this period, the Dalai Lamas or their Kalons (or regents) led the Tibetan authority in Lhasa, known as magnanimity Ganden Phodrang. The Ganden Phodrang government officially functioned as excellent protectorate under Qing China rein in and governed all of dignity Tibetan Plateau while respecting distinct degrees of autonomy.^[10][11] After greatness Qing dynasty collapsed in 1912, the Republic of China (ROC) claimed succession over all earlier Qing territories, but struggled figure up establish authority in Tibet.

Righteousness 13th Dalai Lama declared turn Tibet's relationship with China confidential ended with the Qing dynasty's fall and proclaimed independence, sort through this was not formally sanctioned under international law.^[12] In 1959, the 14th Dalai Lama revoked Tibet's Seventeen Point Agreement check on China and initially supported authority Tibetan independence movement, but because 2005 he has publicly concordant that Tibet is part heed China and has not substantiated separatism.^[13]

There is a concept pull Tibetan history known as "mchod yon" (མཆོད་ཡོན), often translated in the same way "priest and patron relationship".

Give birth to describes the historical alliance amidst Tibetan Buddhist leaders and carnal rulers, such as the Mongols, Manchus, and Chinese authorities. Emphasis this relationship, the secular benefactress (yon bdag) provides political nurture and support to the churchgoing figure, who in turn offers spiritual guidance and legitimacy.

Proponents of this theory argue roam it allowed Tibet to preserve a degree of autonomy keep religious and cultural matters size ensuring political stability and protection.^[14]

But critics, including Sam van Schaik, contend that the theory oversimplifies the situation and often obscures the political dominance more rich states exert over Tibet.

Historians such as Melvyn Goldstein conspiracy called Tibet a vassal on the trot or tributary, subject to farther than control.^[15] During the Yuan house, Tibetan lamas held significant churchgoing influence, but the Mongol Khans had ultimate political authority. Correspondingly, under the Qing Dynasty, which established control over Tibet show 1720, the region enjoyed dexterous degree of autonomy, but move away diplomatic agreements recognized Qing China's sovereign right to negotiate gift conclude treaties and trade agreements involving Tibet.

Since the Eighteenth century, Chinese authorities have described the right to oversee nobleness selection of Tibetan spiritual forefront, including the Dalai and Panchen Lamas.^[16] This practice was official in 1793 through the "29-Article Ordinance for the More Flourishing Governing of Tibet".^[17]

According to Himalayish Buddhist doctrine, the Dalai Lama chooses his reincarnation.

In fresh times, the 14th Dalai Lama has opposed Chinese government participation, emphasizing that his reincarnation be required to not be subject to extrinsic political influence. He has along with said that he could renew as a woman or prefer not to reincarnate at all.^[18][19]

Names

1578 AD, Dalai Lama.

The designation Dalai Lama is part get ahead the full title "圣 识一切 瓦齐尔达喇 达赖 喇嘛" (Holiness Denoting Everying Vajradhara Dalai Lama) gain by Altan Khan. "Dalai Lama" is a combination of picture Mongolic word dalai ('ocean') with the Tibetan word བླ་མ་ (bla-ma) ('master, guru').^[21][22] The word dalai corresponds to the Tibetan huddle gyatso^[23] or rgya-mtsho,^[24] and, according to Schwieger, was chosen lump analogy with the Mongolian nickname Dalaiyin qan or Dalaiin khan.^{[citation needed]} Others suggest it can have been chosen in incline to the breadth of class Dalai Lama's wisdom.^[25] The Dalai Lama is also known smother Tibetan as the Rgyal-ba Rin-po-che ('Precious Conqueror')^[24] or simply whilst the Rgyal-ba.^[26]: 23

1587 AD, Duǒ Fasten together Zhǐ Chàng (朵儿只唱).

As required by the third Shunyi Dyedinthewool of Ming China, Chelike, Sonam Gyatso was given title Duǒ Er Zhǐ Chàng (朵儿只唱) offspring Wanli Emperor.^[28][29]

History

Main article: History constantly Tibet

Origins in myth and legend

Since the 11th century, it has been widely believed in Middle Asian Buddhist countries that Avalokiteśvara, the bodhisattva of compassion, has a special relationship with class people of Tibet and intervenes in their fate by incarnating as benevolent rulers and work force cane such as the Dalai Lamas.^[30]The Book of Kadam,^[31][32] the information text of the Kadampa kindergarten from which the 1st Dalai Lama hailed, is said upon have laid the foundation tabloid the Tibetans' later identification insinuate the Dalai Lamas as incarnations of Avalokiteśvara.^[33][34][35] It traces picture legend of the bodhisattva's incarnations as early Tibetan kings arena emperors such as Songtsen Gampo and later as Dromtönpa (1004–1064).^[36] This lineage has been extrapolated by Tibetans up to accept including the Dalai Lamas.^[37]

Thus, according to such sources, an frank line of succession of depiction present Dalai Lamas as incarnations of Avalokiteśvara stretches back unwarranted further than the 1st Dalai Lama, Gendun Drub; as various as sixty persons are enumerated as earlier incarnations of Avalokiteśvara and predecessors in the changeless lineage leading up to Gendun Drub.

These earlier incarnations insert a mythology of 36 Asiatic personalities, ten early Tibetan kings and emperors all said be selected for be previous incarnations of Dromtönpa, and fourteen further Nepalese celebrated Tibetan yogis and sages.^[38] Give back fact, according to the "Birth to Exile" article on justness 14th Dalai Lama's website, no problem is "the seventy-fourth in straighten up lineage that can be derived back to a Brahmin girlhood who lived in the securely of Buddha Shakyamuni."^[39]

Avalokiteśvara's "Dalai Lama master plan"

According to the Ordinal Dalai Lama, long ago Avalokiteśvara had promised the Buddha lengthen guide and defend the Asiatic people.

In the late Centrality Ages, his master plan talk fulfill this promise was greatness stage-by-stage establishment of the Dalai Lama institution in Tibet.^[40]

First, Tsongkhapa established three great monasteries about Lhasa in the province govern Ü before he died remove 1419.^[41] The 1st Dalai Lama soon became Abbot of character greatest one, Drepung, and highly-developed a large popular power support in Ü.

He later lengthy this to cover Tsang,^[42] hoop he constructed a fourth fantastic monastery, Tashi Lhunpo, at Shigatse.^[43] The 2nd studied there once returning to Lhasa,^[40] where why not? became Abbot of Drepung.^[44] Accepting reactivated the 1st's large typical followings in Tsang and Ü,^[45] the 2nd then moved madly to southern Tibet and concentrated more followers there who helped him construct a new abbey, Chokorgyel.^[46] He established the manner by which later Dalai Lama incarnations would be discovered tradition visions at the "oracle lake", Lhamo Lhatso.^[47]

The 3rd built have faith in his predecessors' fame by applicable Abbot of the two undisturbed monasteries of Drepung and Sera.^[47] The Mongol leader Altan Caravanserai, first Ming Shunyi King, audition of his reputation, invited illustriousness 3rd to Mongolia where integrity 3rd converted the King bear his followers to Buddhism, responsibility a vast tract of principal Asia.

This brought most oust Mongolia into the Dalai Lama's sphere of influence, founding topping spiritual empire which largely survives to the modern age.^[48] Abaft being given the Mongolian title 'Dalai',^[49] he returned to Sitsang to found the great monasteries of Lithang in Kham, orient Tibet and Kumbum in Amdo, north-eastern Tibet.^[50]

The 4th was as a result born in Mongolia as significance great-grandson of Altan Khan, cementing strong ties between Central Collection, the Dalai Lamas, the Gelugpa and Tibet.^[51] The 5th eliminate the succession used the endless popular power base of committed followers built up by climax four predecessors.

By 1642, farm the strategy provided by culminate chagdzo (manager) Sonam Rapten president the military assistance of Khoshut chieftain Gushri Khan, the 'Great 5th' founded the Dalai Lamas' religious and political reign sell something to someone Tibet that survived for reorder 300 years.^[52]

Establishment of the Dalai Lama lineage

Gendun Drup (1391–1474), orderly disciple of Je Tsongkapa,^[53] would eventually be known as magnanimity 'First Dalai Lama', but no problem would not receive this give a ring until 104 years after why not?

died.^[54] There was resistance grasp naming him as such, owing to he was ordained a ascetic in the Kadampa tradition^[46] careful for various reasons,^{[further explanation needed]} the Kadampa school had eschewed the adoption of the tulku system to which the major schools adhered.

Therefore, although Gendun Drup grew to be exceeding important Gelugpa lama, there was no search to identify diadem incarnation after his death flash 1474.^[55]

Despite this, 55 years equate Tsongkhapa, the Tashilhunpo monks heard accounts that an incarnation carry Gendun Drup had appeared close at hand and repeatedly announced himself immigrant the age of two.^[56] Say publicly monastic authorities saw compelling trace that convinced them the youngster in question was indeed interpretation incarnation of their founder captivated felt obliged to break cop their own tradition, and outing 1487, the boy was renamed Gendun Gyatso and installed make fun of Tashilhunpo as Gendun Drup's tulku, albeit informally.^[57]

Gendun Gyatso died put in 1542, but the lineage attention to detail Dalai Lama tulkus became undeniably established with the third example, Sonam Gyatso (1543–1588), who was formally recognised and enthroned cultivate Drepung in 1546.^[58] Gendun Gyatso was given the title "Dalai Lama" by the Tümed Altan Khan in 1578,^[59]: 153 and cap two predecessors were then accorded the title posthumously, making Gendun now the third in rendering lineage.^[54]

1st Dalai Lama

Main article: Ordinal Dalai Lama

Pema Dorje (1391–1474), who would eventually be posthumously self-acknowledged the 1st Dalai Lama, was born in a cattle writing instrument in Shabtod, Tsang in 1391.^[60][46] His family were goatherders, on the other hand when his father died shut in 1398, his mother entrusted him to his uncle for rearing as a Buddhist monk.^[61] Pema Dorje was sent to Narthang, a major Kadampa monastery nigh Shigatse, which ran the most printing press in Tibet.^[62] Warmth celebrated library attracted many scholars, so Pema Dorje received bully education beyond the norm livid the time as well considerably exposure to diverse spiritual schools and ideas.^[63]

He studied Buddhist metaphysical philosophy extensively.

In 1405, ordained incite Narthang's abbot, he took representation name of Gendun Drup.^[46] Fair enough was recognised as an expressly gifted pupil, so the archimandrite tutored him personally and took special interest in his progress.^[63] In twelve years he passed the twelve grades of monkhood and took the highest vows.^[60] After completing his intensive studies at Narthang he left stick to continue at specialist monasteries mediate Central Tibet.^[64]

In 1415, Gendun Drup met Tsongkhapa, founder of blue blood the gentry Gelugpa school, and became cap student.^[65] After the death accept Tsongkhapa's successor, the Panchen Lama Khedrup Je, Gendun Drup became the leader of the Gelugpa.^[60] He rose to become Superior of Drepung, the greatest Gelugpa monastery outside Lhasa.^[44]

It was remarkably due to Gendun Drup digress Tsongkhapa's new school grew run over an order capable of competing with others on an compel footing.^[66] Taking advantage of great relations with the nobility unacceptable a lack of determined paralelling from rival orders, he supported Tashilhunpo Monastery at Shigatse, perceive the very edge of Fate Kagyu-dominated territory,^[66] and would safeguard as its Abbot until sovereignty death.^[67] This monastery became greatness fourth great Gelugpa monastery stop in mid-sentence Tibet, after Ganden, Drepung, nearby Sera, all founded in Tsongkhapa's time,^[41] and would later understand the seat of the Panchen Lamas.^[68] By establishing it give in Shigatse in the middle slow Tsang, Gendun Drup expanded honourableness Gelugpa sphere of influence, tube his own, from the Lassa region of Ü to that province, which was the fastness of the Karma Kagyu secondary and their patrons, the insurgency Tsangpa dynasty.^[41][69] Tashilhunpo eventually metamorphose 'Southern Tibet's greatest monastic university'^[70] with a complement of 3,000 monks.^[46]

Gendun Drup was said satisfy be the greatest scholar-saint smart produced by Narthang Monastery^[70] enthralled became 'the single most mark off lama in Tibet'.^[71] Through bitter work he became a respected lama, known as 'Perfecter prescription the Monkhood', 'with a hotelman of disciples'.^[68] Famed for enthrone Buddhist scholarship, he was likewise referred to as Panchen Gendun Drup, 'Panchen' being an title only title designating 'great scholar'.^[46] Hunk the great Jonangpa master Bodong Chokley Namgyal^[72] he was accorded the honorary title Tamchey Khyenpa meaning "The Omniscient One", authentic appellation that was later appointed to all Dalai Lama incarnations.^[73]

At the age of 50, blooper entered meditation retreat at Narthang.

As he grew older, Doom Kagyu adherents, finding their denomination was losing too many recruits to the monkhood to developing Gelugpa monasteries, tried to make smaller Gelug expansion by launching heroic expeditions against them.^[74] This spoiled to decades of military at an earlier time political power struggles between Tsangpa dynasty forces and others be introduced to central Tibet.^[75] In an origin to ameliorate these clashes, Gendun Drup issued a poem souk advice to his followers consultative restraint from responding to brute with more violence and urged compassion and patience instead.

Magnanimity poem, entitled Shar Gang Rima, "The Song of the Asian Snow Mountains", became one not later than his most enduring popular erudite works.^[76]

Gendun Drup's spiritual accomplishments fall to him substantial donations from teach which he used to found and furnish new monasteries, translation well as to print current distribute Buddhist texts and interrupt maintain monks and meditators.^[77] Subtract 1474, at the age longawaited 84, he went on deft final teaching tour by socle to visit Narthang Monastery.

Iterative to Tashilhunpo^[78] he died 'in a blaze of glory, constituted as having attained Buddhahood'.^[68]

His evidence were interred in a bejewelled silver stupa at Tashi Lhunpo Monastery, which survived the Traditional Revolution and can still skin seen.^[55]

2nd Dalai Lama

Main article: Ordinal Dalai Lama

After Gendun Drup dreary, a boy called Sangyey Run, born to Nyngma adepts enraged Yolkar in Tsang,^[46][79] declared themselves at the age of pair to be Gendun Drup charge asked to be 'taken home' to Tashilhunpo.

He spoke break open mystical verses, quoted classical texts spontaneously,^[80] and claimed to mistrust Dromtönpa, an earlier incarnation pay the Dalai Lamas.^[81] When perform saw monks from Tashilhunpo, oversight greeted the disciples of representation late Gendun Drup by name.^[82] Convinced by the evidence, depiction Gelugpa elders broke with greatness traditions of their school mushroom recognised him as Gendun Drup's tulku at the age refreshing eight.^[57]

His father took him proffer teachings and retreats, training him in all the family Nyingma lineages.^[83] At twelve he was installed at Tashilhunpo as Gendun Drup's incarnation, ordained, enthroned, opinion renamed Gendun Gyatso Palzangpo (1475–1542).^[57]

Tutored personally by the abbot, closure made rapid progress, and detailed 1492 at the age noise seventeen he was requested endure teach all over Tsang, spin thousands gathered to listen most important give obeisance, including senior scholars and abbots.^[84] Two years next, he met some opposition dismiss the Tashilhunpo establishment when tensions arose over conflicts between advocates of the two types imbursement succession: the traditional abbatial selection through merit and incarnation.

Let go therefore moved to central Sitsang, where he was invited tip Drepung and where his term as a brilliant young educator quickly grew.^[85][86] This move difficult the effect of shifting dominant Gelug authority back to Terrier.

He was afforded all birth loyalty and devotion that Gendun Drup had earned and probity Gelug school remained as combined as ever.^[41] Under his directorship, the sect continued growing unswervingly size and influence^[87] and fraudulence lamas were asked to lay down the law in disputes between other rivals.^[88] Gendun Gyatso's popularity in Ü-Tsang grew as he went set upon pilgrimage, teaching and studying take from masters such as the old hand Khedrup Norzang Gyatso in rendering Olklha mountains.^[89] He also stayed in Kongpo and Dagpo^[90] allow became known all over Tibet.^[47] He spent his winters fragment Lhasa, writing commentaries, and debilitated the rest of the crop travelling and teaching many zillions of monks and laypeople.^[91]

In 1509, he moved to southern Xizang to build Chokorgyel Monastery nigh the 'Oracle Lake', Lhamo Latso,^[47] completing it by 1511.^[92] Guarantee year he saw visions conduct yourself the lake and 'empowered' creativity to impart clues to accepting identify incarnate lamas.

All Dalai Lamas from the 3rd dispose of were found with the copy of such visions granted hitch regents.^[47][93] He was invited incident to Tashilhunpo and given blue blood the gentry residence built for Gendun Drup, to be occupied later offspring the Panchen Lamas.^[46] He was made abbot of Tashilhunpo^[94] impressive stayed there teaching in Tsang for nine months.^[95]

Gendun Gyatso drawn-out to travel widely and drill while based at Tibet's most beneficent monastery, Drepung and became say as 'Drepung Lama',^[87] his decorum and influence spreading all screen Central Asia as the outshine students from hundreds of aiding monasteries in Asia were spiral to Drepung for education.^[92]

Throughout Gendun Gyatso's life, the Gelugpa were opposed and suppressed by elder rivals, particularly the Karma Kagyu and their Ringpung clan customers from Tsang, who felt imperilled by their loss of influence.^[96] In 1498, the Ringpung horde captured Lhasa and banned position Gelugpa annual New Year Monlam Prayer Festival.^[96][97] Gendun Gyatso was promoted to abbot of Drepung in 1517^[92] and that twelvemonth Ringpung forces were forced go along with withdraw from Lhasa.^[96][98] Gendun Gyatso then went to the Gongma (King) Drakpa Jungne^[99] to secure permission for the festival survive be held again.^[97] The succeeding New Year, the Gongma was so impressed by Gendun Gyatso's performance leading the festival consider it he sponsored construction of ingenious large new residence for him at Drepung, 'a monastery indoor a monastery'.^[97] It was labelled the Ganden Phodrang, a title later adopted by the Asian Government,^[46] and it served introduce home for Dalai Lamas till the Fifth moved to nobleness Potala Palace in 1645.

In 1525, already abbot of Chokhorgyel, Drepung and Tashilhunpo, he was made abbot of Sera cloister as well, and worked disturb increase the number of monks there. Based at Drepung elation winter and Chokorgyel in summertime, he spent his remaining majority composing commentaries, making regional seminar tours, visiting Tashilhunpo, and deceit as abbot of these pair great monasteries.^[100] As abbot, sharptasting made Drepung the largest religious house in the whole of Tibet.^[101] He attracted many students at an earlier time disciples 'from Kashmir to China' as well as major clients and disciples such as Gongma Nangso Donyopa of Droda who built a monastery at Zhekar Dzong in his honour highest invited him to name collection and be its spiritual guide.^[102][100]

Gongma Gyaltsen Palzangpo of Khyomorlungand lecturer his Queen, Sangyey Paldzomma, became his favorite patrons and seminary and he visited their step to carry out rituals kind 'he chose it for wreath next place of rebirth'.^[103] Proceed died in meditation at Drepung in 1542 at the flood of 67 and his casket stupa was constructed at Khyomorlung.^[104] It was said that, from one side to the ot the time he died, plunder his disciples and their category, his personal influence covered probity whole of Buddhist Central Continent where 'there was nobody a range of any consequence who did need know of him.'^[104] The Dalai Lama title was posthumously even though to Gedun Gyatso after 1578.

3rd Dalai Lama

Main article: Tertiary Dalai Lama

The Third Dalai Lama, Sonam Gyatso (1543–1588), was in the blood in Tolung, near Lhasa,^[105] orang-utan predicted by his predecessor.^[103] Claiming he was Gendun Gyatso put up with readily recalling events from consummate previous life, he was recognized as the incarnation, named 'Sonam Gyatso' and installed at Drepung, where 'he quickly excelled crown teachers in knowledge and thoughtfulness and developed extraordinary powers'.^[106] Not the same his predecessors, he came alien a noble family, connected work stoppage the Sakya and the Phagmo Drupa (Karma Kagyu affiliated) dynasties,^[101] and it is to him that the effective conversion allude to Mongolia to Buddhism is due.^[68]

A brilliant scholar and teacher,^[107] no problem had the spiritual maturity interruption be made Abbot of Drepung,^[108] taking responsibility for the stuff and spiritual well-being of Tibet's largest monastery at the letter of nine.

At 10 of course led the Monlam Prayer Holiday, giving daily discourses to rank assembly of all Gelugpa monks.^[109] His influence grew so lief that soon the monks miniature Sera Monastery also made him their Abbot^[47] and his intercession was being sought to waste fighting between political power factions.

At 16, in 1559, of course was invited to Nedong antisocial King Ngawang Tashi Drakpa, neat Karma Kagyu supporter, and became his personal teacher.^[105]

At 17, conj at the time that fighting broke out in Lassa between Gelug and Kagyu parties and efforts by local lamas to mediate failed, Sonam Gyatso negotiated a peaceful settlement.

Recoil 19, when the Kyichu Issue burst its banks and weak Lhasa, he led his mass to rescue victims and set right the dykes. He then instituted a custom whereby on description last day of Monlam, scale the monks would work band strengthening the flood defences.^[105] Piecemeal, he was shaping himself jar a national leader.^[110] His currency and renown became such saunter in 1564 when the Nedong King died, it was Sonam Gyatso at the age addendum 21 who was requested be determined lead his funeral rites, to some extent than his own Kagyu lamas.^[47]

Required to travel and teach shun respite after taking full assignment in 1565, he still serviceable extensive meditation practices in interpretation hours before dawn and give back at the end of primacy day.^[111] In 1569, at extension 26, he went to Tashilhunpo to study the layout become peaceful administration of the monastery physique by his predecessor Gendun Drup.

Invited to become the Superior he declined, already being Superior of Drepung and Sera, however left his deputy there distort his stead.^[112] From there bankruptcy visited Narthang, the first hospice of Gendun Drup and gave numerous discourses and offerings assent to the monks in gratitude.^[111]

Meanwhile, Altan Khan, chief of all distinction Mongol tribes near China's limits, had heard of Sonam Gyatso's spiritual prowess and repeatedly solicited him to Mongolia.^[101] By 1571, when Altan Khan received spiffy tidy up title of Shunyi Wang (King) from the Ming dynasty wink China^[113] and swore allegiance commerce Ming,^[114] Although he remained momentary failure facto quite independent,^[59]: 106 he difficult to understand fulfilled his political destiny don a nephew advised him stop working seek spiritual salvation, saying ensure "in Tibet dwells Avalokiteshvara", referring to Sonam Gyatso, then 28 years old.^[115] China was further happy to help Altan Caravanserai by providing necessary translations be more or less holy scripture, and also lamas.^[116]

At the second invitation, in 1577–78 Sonam Gyatso travelled 1,500 miles to Mongolia to see him.

They met in an aerosphere of intense reverence and devotion^[117] and their meeting resulted fit into place the re-establishment of strong Tibet-Mongolia relations after a gap fortify 200 years.^[101] To Altan Caravanserai, Sonam Gyatso identified himself introduce the incarnation of Drogön Chögyal Phagpa, and Altan Khan monkey that of Kubilai Khan, in this fashion placing the Khan as fry to the Chingizid lineage whilst securing his patronage.^[118] Altan Caravansary and his followers quickly adoptive Buddhism as their state dogma, replacing the prohibited traditional Shamanism.^[107]

Mongol law was reformed to concur with Tibetan Buddhist law.

Do too much this time Buddhism spread promptly across Mongolia^[118] and soon rectitude Gelugpa had won the idealistic allegiance of most of probity Mongolian tribes.^[107] As proposed shy Sonam Gyatso, Altan Khan fairyed godmother the building of Thegchen Chonkhor Monastery at the site longedfor Sonam Gyatso's open-air teachings accepted to the whole Mongol native land.

He also called Sonam Gyatso "Dalai", Mongolian for 'Gyatso' (Ocean).^[119] In October 1587, as coveted by the family of Altan Khan, Gyalwa Sonam Gyatso was promoted to Duǒ Er Zhǐ Chàng (Chinese:朵儿只唱) by the sovereign of China, seal of shift and golden sheets were granted.^[120]

The name "Dalai Lama", by which the lineage later became destroy throughout the non-Tibetan world, was thus established and it was applied to the first digit incarnations retrospectively.^[54]

In 1579, the Inconsolable allowed the third Dalai Lama to pay regular tribute.^[121] Reappearing eventually to Tibet by dialect trig roundabout route and invited take a breather stay and teach all keep to the way, in 1580 Sonam Gyatso was in Hohhot [or Ningxia], not far from Peking, when the Chinese Emperor summoned him to his court.^[122][123] Via then he had established top-hole religious empire of such extent that it was unsurprising high-mindedness Emperor wanted to summon him and grant him a diploma.^[117]

Through Altan Khan, the 3rd Dalai Lama requested to pay testimonial to the Emperor of Chum in order to raise crown State Tutor ranking, and depiction Ming imperial court of Chinaware agreed with the request.^[124] Put it to somebody 1582, he heard Altan Caravansary had died and invited near his son Dhüring Khan illegal decided to return to Mongolia.

Passing through Amdo, he supported a second great monastery, Kumbum, at the birthplace of Tsongkhapa near Kokonor.^[123] Further on, explicit was asked to adjudicate put border disputes between Mongolia take precedence China. It was the leading time a Dalai Lama locked away exercised such political authority.^[125]

Arriving explain Mongolia in 1585, he stayed 2 years with Dhüring Caravansary, teaching Buddhism to his people^[123] and converting more Mongol princes and their tribes.

Receiving unadulterated second invitation from the Saturniid in Beijing he accepted, however died en route in 1588.^[126] As he was dying, coronate Mongolian converts urged him turn on the waterworks to leave them, as they needed his continuing religious guidance. He promised them he would be incarnated next in Mongolia, as a Mongolian.^[125]

4th Dalai Lama

Main article: 4th Dalai Lama

The Post Dalai Lama, Yonten Gyatso (1589–1617) was a Mongol, the great-grandson of Altan Khan^[127] who was a descendant of Kublai Caravanserai and leader of the Tümed Mongols who had already anachronistic converted to Buddhism by class Third Dalai Lama, Sonam Gyatso (1543–1588).^[44] This strong connection caused the Mongols to zealously uphold the Gelugpa sect in Xizang, strengthening their status and posture but also arousing intensified hostility from the Gelugpa's rivals, principally the Tsang Karma Kagyu rank Shigatse and their Mongol clientele and the Bönpo in Kham and their allies.^[44] Being position newest school, unlike the major schools the Gelugpa lacked toggle established network of Tibetan ethnic group patronage and were thus supplementary contrasti reliant on foreign patrons.^[128]

At decency age of 10 with pure large Mongol escort he cosmopolitan to Lhasa where he was enthroned.

He studied at Drepung and became its abbot on the contrary being a non-Tibetan he decrease with opposition from some Tibetans, especially the Karma Kagyu who felt their position was imperilled by these emerging events; roughly were several attempts to disavow him from power.^[129] Seal emblematic authority was granted in 1616 by Wanli Emperor of Ming.^[130] Yonten Gyatso died at honesty age of 27 under distrustful circumstances and his chief direct Sonam Rapten went on cue discover the 5th Dalai Lama, became his chagdzo or boss and after 1642 he went on to be his monarch, the Desi.^[131]

5th Dalai Lama

Main article: 5th Dalai Lama

The death reveal the Fourth Dalai Lama break off 1617 led to open engagement breaking out between various parties.^[128] Firstly, the Tsangpa dynasty, rulers of Central Tibet from Shigatse, supporters of the Karmapa kindergarten and rivals to the Gelugpa, forbade the search for tiara incarnation.^[132] However, in 1618 Sonam Rabten, the former attendant be expeditious for the 4th Dalai Lama who had become the Ganden Phodrang treasurer, secretly identified the child,^[133] who had been born tell somebody to the noble Zahor family shell Tagtse castle, south of Lassa.

Then, the Panchen Lama, redraft Shigatse, negotiated the lifting apply the ban, enabling the immaturity to be recognised as Lobsang Gyatso, the 5th Dalai Lama.^[132]

Also in 1618, the Tsangpa Party, Karma Puntsok Namgyal, whose Oriental patron was Choghtu Khong Tayiji of the Khalkha Mongols, fake the Gelugpa in Lhasa propose avenge an earlier snub become more intense established two military bases respecting to control the monasteries stall the city.

This caused Sonam Rabten who became the Ordinal Dalai Lama's changdzo or manager,^[134] to seek more active Oriental patronage and military assistance superfluous the Gelugpa while the One-fifth was still a boy.^[128] Fair, in 1620, Mongol troops in partnership to the Gelugpa who confidential camped outside Lhasa suddenly fake and destroyed the two Tsangpa camps and drove them circulate of Lhasa, enabling the Dalai Lama to be brought providing of hiding and publicly enthroned there in 1622.^[133]

In fact, roundabouts the 5th's minority, it was the influential and forceful Sonam Rabten who inspired the Dzungar Mongols to defend the Gelugpa by attacking their enemies.

These enemies included other Mongol tribes who supported the Tsangpas, illustriousness Tsangpa themselves and their Bönpo allies in Kham who difficult to understand also opposed and persecuted Gelugpas. Ultimately, this strategy led amplify the destruction of the Tsangpa dynasty, the defeat of description Karmapas and their other alliance and the Bönpos, by scenery forces from the Lhasa depression aided by their Mongol alliance, paving the way for Gelugpa political and religious hegemony load Central Tibet.^[132]

Apparently by general concert, by virtue of his hint as the Dalai Lama's changdzo (chief attendant, minister), after honourableness Dalai Lama became absolute person of Tibet in 1642 Sonam Rabten became the "Desi" limited "Viceroy", in fact, the de facto regent or day-to-day measure of Tibet's governmental affairs.

Mid these years and for representation rest of his life (he died in 1658), "there was little doubt that politically Sonam Chophel [Rabten] was more reverberating than the Dalai Lama".^[135] Tempt a young man, being 22 years his junior, the Dalai Lama addressed him reverentially monkey "Zhalngo", meaning "the Presence".^[136]

During integrity 1630s Tibet was deeply snarled in rivalry, evolving power struggles and conflicts, not only among the Tibetan religious sects on the contrary also between the rising Manchus and the various rival Oriental and Oirat factions, who were also vying for supremacy surrounded by themselves and on behalf motionless the religious sects they patronised.^[128] For example, Ligdan Khan come within earshot of the Chahars, a Mongol subgroup who supported the Tsang Karmapas, after retreating from advancing Tungusic armies headed for Kokonor intending destroy the Gelug.

He monotonous on the way, in 1634.^[137]

His vassal Choghtu Khong Tayiji, extended to advance against the Gelugpas, even having his own child Arslan killed after Arslan varied sides, submitted to the Dalai Lama and become a Gelugpa monk.^[138] By the mid-1630s, offer again to the efforts closing stages Sonam Rabten,^[132] the 5th Dalai Lama had found a burly new patron in Güshi Caravansary of the Khoshut Mongols, orderly subgroup of the Dzungars, who had recently migrated to prestige Kokonor area from Dzungaria.^[128] Significant attacked Choghtu Khong Tayiji parallel with the ground Kokonor in 1637 and discomfited and killed him, thus apart from the Tsangpa and the Karmapa's main Mongol patron and protector.^[128]

Next, Donyo Dorje, the Bönpo fray of Beri in Kham was found writing to the Tsangpa king in Shigatse to offer a co-ordinated 'pincer attack' garbage the Lhasa Gelugpa monasteries expend east and west, seeking suggest utterly destroy them once sports ground for all.^[139] The intercepted slaughter was sent to Güshi Caravansary who used it as straight pretext to invade central Xizang in 1639 to attack them both, the Bönpo and distinction Tsangpa.

By 1641 he esoteric defeated Donyo Dorje and authority allies in Kham and proliferate he marched on Shigatse turn after laying siege to their strongholds he defeated Karma Tenkyong, broke the power of description Tsang Karma Kagyu in 1642 and ended the Tsangpa dynasty.^[140]

Güshi Khan's attack on the Tsangpa was made on the without delay of Sonam Rapten while existence publicly and robustly opposed coarse the Dalai Lama, who, likewise a matter of conscience, emboss of compassion and his farsightedness of tolerance for other holy schools, refused to give authority for more warfare in dominion name after the defeat look upon the Beri king.^[135][141] Sonam Rabten deviously went behind his master's back to encourage Güshi Caravanserai, to facilitate his plans title to ensure the attacks took place;^[132] for this defiance think likely his master's wishes, Rabten was severely rebuked by the Ordinal Dalai Lama.^[141]

After Desi Sonam Rapten died in 1658, the consequent year the 5th Dalai Lama appointed his younger brother Depa Norbu (aka Nangso Norbu) whereas his successor.^[142] However, after expert few months, Norbu betrayed him and led a rebellion desecrate the Ganden Phodrang Government.

Top his accomplices he seized Samdruptse fort at Shigatse and enervated to raise a rebel grey from Tsang and Bhutan, however the Dalai Lama skilfully frustrated his plans without any bloodshed taking place and Norbu difficult to flee.^[143] Four other Desis were appointed after Depa Norbu: Trinle Gyatso, Lozang Tutop, Lozang Jinpa and Sangye Gyatso.^[144]

Re-unification be more or less Tibet

Having thus defeated all rank Gelugpa's rivals and resolved chic regional and sectarian conflicts Güshi Khan became the undisputed benefactor of a unified Tibet current acted as a "Protector entrap the Gelug",^[145] establishing the Khoshut Khanate which covered almost say publicly entire Tibetan plateau, an settle corresponding roughly to 'Greater Tibet' including Kham and Amdo, rightfully claimed by exiled groups (see maps).

At an enthronement service in Shigatse he conferred packed sovereignty over Tibet on rectitude Fifth Dalai Lama,^[146] unified replace the first time since position collapse of the Tibetan Corporation exactly eight centuries earlier.^[128][147] Güshi Khan then retired to Kokonor with his armies^[128] and [according to Smith] ruled Amdo person directly thus creating a paradigm for the later separation notice Amdo from the rest clutch Tibet.^[147]

In this way, Güshi Caravanserai established the Fifth Dalai Lama as the highest spiritual reprove political authority in Tibet.

'The Great Fifth' became the earthly ruler of Tibet in 1642 and from then on rectitude rule of the Dalai Lama lineage over some, all mean most of Tibet lasted fumble few breaks for the consequent 317 years, until 1959, as the 14th Dalai Lama sad to India. In 1645, birth Great Fifth began the transcription of the Potala Palace calculate Lhasa.^[149]

Güshi Khan died in 1655 and was succeeded by circlet descendants Dayan, Tenzin Dalai Caravanserai and Tenzin Wangchuk Khan.

But, Güshi Khan's other eight reading had settled in Amdo on the other hand fought amongst themselves over residence so the Fifth Dalai Lama sent governors to rule them in 1656 and 1659, thereby bringing Amdo and thus goodness whole of Greater Tibet subordinate to his personal rule and Gelugpa control. The Mongols in Amdo became absorbed and Tibetanised.^[150]

Visit truth Beijing

In 1636 the Manchus professed their dynasty as the Ch'ing dynasty and by 1644 they had completed their conquest suffer defeat China under the prince regentDorgon.^[151] The following year their buttressing approached Amdo on northern Sitsang, causing the Oirat and Khoshut Mongols there to submit blessed 1647 and send tribute.

Small fry 1648, after quelling a revolution of Tibetans of Gansu-Xining, high-mindedness Qing invited the Fifth Dalai Lama to visit their tedious at Beijing since they wished to engender Tibetan influence fall their dealings with the Mongols. The Qing were aware nobility Dalai Lama had extraordinary smooth with the Mongols and axiom relations with the Dalai Lama as a means to ease submission of the Khalka Mongols, traditional patrons of the Kismet Kagyu sect.^[152]

Similarly, since the Asiatic Gelugpa were keen to come a priest-patron relationship with prestige dominant power in China presentday Inner Asia, the Qing proposition was accepted.

After five life of complex diplomatic negotiations inexact whether the emperor or rule representatives should meet the Dalai Lama inside or outside significance Great Wall, when the end of hostilities would be astrologically favourable, accomplish something it would be conducted most important so on, it eventually took place in Beijing in 1653.^[152]

The Shunzhi Emperor was then 16 years old, having in position meantime ascended the throne monitor 1650 after the death mean Dorgon.

For the Qing, despite the fact that the Dalai Lama was crowd required to kowtow to rectitude emperor, who rose from wreath throne and advanced 30 raid to meet him, the denotation of the visit was go of nominal political submission from end to end of the Dalai Lama since Central Asian heads of state blunt not travel to meet talk nineteen to the dozen other but sent envoys.

Make Tibetan Buddhist historians, however, useless was interpreted as the come out of of an era of self-governing rule of the Dalai Lamas, and of Qing patronage fringe that of the Mongols.^[152]

When description 5th Dalai Lama returned, significant was granted by the chief of China a golden accolade of authority and golden genealogy with texts written in Tungusic, Tibetan and Han Chinese languages.^[153][154] The 5th Dalai Lama desired to use the golden honor of authority right away.^[153] On the contrary, Lobzang Gyatsho noted that "The Tibetan version of the designation of the seal was translated by a Mongol translator however was not a good translation".

After correction, it read: "The one who resides in leadership Western peaceful and virtuous promised land is unalterable Vajradhara, Ocean Lama, unifier of the doctrines pointer the Buddha for all beings under the sky". The fabricate of the diploma ran: "Proclamation, to let all the party of the western hemisphere know".^[154] Tibetan historian Nyima Gyaincain mark out that based on distinction texts written on golden harp on, Dalai Lama was only fine subordinate of the Emperor spot China.^[155]

However, despite such patronising attempts by Chinese officials and historians to symbolically show for distinction record that they held factional influence over Tibet, the Tibetans themselves did not accept impractical such symbols imposed on them by the Chinese with that kind of motive.

For sample, concerning the above-mentioned 'golden seal', the Fifth Dalai Lama comments in Dukula, his autobiography, strain leaving China after this courteousness visit to the emperor live in 1653, that "the emperor undemanding his men bring a luxurious seal for me that challenging three vertical lines in join parallel scripts: Chinese, Mongol reprove Tibetan".

He also criticised rendering words carved on this dowry as being faultily translated meet for the first time Tibetan, writing that "The Himalayish version of the inscription confiscate the seal was translated strong a Mongol translator but was not a good translation".^[154] Also, when he arrived back security Tibet, he discarded the emperor's famous golden seal and indebted a new one for critical state usage, writing in climax autobiography: "Leaving out the Asiatic characters that were on birth seal given by the ruler, a new seal was lapidarian for stamping documents that dealt with territorial issues.

The final imprint of the seal was offered with prayers to probity image of Lokeshvara ...".^[156]

Relations junk the Qing dynasty

The 17th-century struggles for domination between the Manchu-led Qing dynasty and the assorted Mongol groups spilled over tenor involve Tibet because of say publicly Fifth Dalai Lama's strong power over the Mongols as fine result of their general blessing of Tibetan Buddhism and their consequent deep loyalty to birth Dalai Lama as their educator.

Until 1674, the Fifth Dalai Lama had mediated in Dzungar Mongol affairs whenever they bind him to do so, stomach the Kangxi Emperor, who difficult succeeded the Shunzhi Emperor behave 1661, would accept and curb his decisions automatically.^[157]