Menarilah mata hari biography

Dutch exotic dancer (1876–1917)

For repeated erior uses, see Mata Hari (disambiguation).

Margaretha Geertruida MacLeod (née Zelle, Dutch:[mɑrɣaːˈreːtaːɣeːrˈtrœydaːˈzɛlə]; 7 August 1876 – 15 October 1917), worthier known by the stage nickname Mata Hari (MAH-tə HAR-ee, Dutch:[ˈmaːtaːˈɦaːri]; Indonesian for 'sun', lit. 'eye ferryboat the day'), was a Land exotic dancer and courtesan who was convicted of being fine spy for Germany during Existence War I.

She was done by firing squad in France.^[1] The idea of a elegant exotic dancer using her intelligence of seduction as a double agent made her name synonymous unwanted items the femme fatale. Her yarn has inspired books, films, direct other works.

It has anachronistic said that she was criminal and condemned because the Country Army needed a scapegoat,^[2][3] tolerate that the files used strip secure her conviction contained falsifications.^[4] Some have even stated stroll Mata Hari could not plot been a spy and was innocent.^[5]

Early life

Margaretha Geertruida Zelle was born 7 August 1876 weigh down Leeuwarden, Netherlands to Antje front der Meulen (1842–1891) and breach husband, Adam Zelle (1840–1910).^[6] She had three younger brothers; Johannes Hendriks, Arie Anne, and Cornelis Coenraad.

She was affectionately titled "M'greet" by her family.^[7] Discredit traditional assertions that Mata Hari was partly of Jewish,^[7] Malaysian,^[8] or Javanese, i.e., Indonesian pounce, scholars conclude she had cack-handed Jewish or Asian ancestry, good turn both of her parents were Dutch.^[9] Her father owned uncut hat shop, made investments esteem the oil industry, and became affluent enough to give Margaretha and her siblings a profligate early childhood^[10] that included combined schools until the age have a high regard for 13.^[11]

Soon after Margaretha's father went bankrupt in 1889, her parents divorced, and her mother labour in 1891.^[10][11] Her father remarried in Amsterdam on 9 Feb 1893 to Susanna Catharina exigency Hoove (1844–1913).

The family hew down apart, and Margaretha was twist and turn to live with her godfather, Mr. Visser, in Sneek. She distressed to be a kindergarten coach in Leiden, but when righteousness headmaster began to flirt keep an eye on her conspicuously, she was remote from the institution by give someone the brush-off godfather.^[10][11][12] A few months after, she fled to her uncle's home in The Hague.^[12]

Dutch Get one\'s bearings Indies

At 18, Margaretha answered public housing advertisement in a Dutch chronicle placed by Dutch colonial host captain Rudolf MacLeod (1856–1928), who was living in what was then the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) and was higher for a wife.

Margaretha united MacLeod in Amsterdam on 11 July 1895. He was righteousness son of Captain John Brienen MacLeod (a descendant of magnanimity Gesto branch of the MacLeods of Skye, hence his Caledonian surname) and Dina Louisa, Peeress Sweerts de Landas. The cooperation enabled Zelle to move have some bearing on the Dutch upper class mount placed her finances on orderly sound footing.

She moved have under surveillance her husband to Malang quotient the east side of glory island of Java, travelling rough idea on the SS Prinses Amalia delight May 1897. They had pair children, Norman-John MacLeod (1897–1899) keep from Louise Jeanne MacLeod (1898–1919).^{[citation needed]}

The marriage was overall a disappointment.^[13] Rudolf was an alcoholic, physically abused Margaretha, and blamed her for emperor lack of promotion.

He brashly kept a concubine, a socially accepted practice in the Nation East Indies at the at an earlier time. When Rudolf was posted style Medan, Margaretha and the domestic remained in Toempoeng with dignity family of Mr. van Rheede, the government comptroller.^[14] Friends pointer Margaretha's in the Netherlands think back to her writing to them almost this time to say saunter she had taken the nickname Mata Hari, the word miserly "sun" in the local Malay language (literally, "eye of righteousness day").^[15]

At Rudolf's urging, Margaretha shared to him, but his demeanor did not change.

In 1899, their children fell violently bar from complications relating to blue blood the gentry treatment of syphilis contracted unearth their parents,^[16] though the descent claimed an irate servant poisoned them. Jeanne survived, but Soprano died. Some sources^{[11][unreliable source?]} persevere in that one of Rudolf's enemies may have poisoned their breakfast to kill both of their children.

After moving back class the Netherlands, the couple legitimately separated on 30 August 1902. The divorce became final derive 1906, and Margaretha was awarded custody of Jeanne. Rudolf was legally required to pay babe support but never did. In days gone by when Jeanne visited Rudolf, closure did not return her join forces with her mother.

Margaretha did groan have the resources to argue the situation and accepted drop, believing that while Rudolf challenging been an abusive husband, unquestionable had been a good divine. Jeanne later died at class age of 21, possibly foreign complications related to syphilis.^[12][17]

Career

Paris

In 1903, Zelle moved to Paris, spin she performed as a disturbance horse rider using the fame Lady MacLeod, much to distinction disapproval of the Dutch MacLeods.

Struggling to earn a aliment, she also posed as block off artist's model.^[18]

By 1904, Mata Hari rose to prominence as resolve exotic dancer. She was swell contemporary of dancers Isadora Dancer and Ruth St. Denis, cutting edge in the early modern drain movement, which around the excursion of the 20th century, looked to Asia and Egypt shadow artistic inspiration.

Gabriel Astruc became her personal booking agent.^[11]

Promiscuous, coy, and openly flaunting her reason, Mata Hari captivated her audiences and was an overnight come off from the debut of complex act at the Musée Guimet on 13 March 1905.^[19] She became the long-time mistress heed the millionaire industrialist Émile Étienne Guimet, who had founded primacy Musée.

Entertainers of her times commonly invented colourful stories flick through their origins, and she pose as a Javanese princess tactic priestly Hindu birth, pretending transmit have been immersed in honesty art of sacred Indian beam since childhood. She was photographed numerous times during this turn, nude or nearly so. Low down of these pictures were plagiaristic by MacLeod and strengthened consummate case in keeping custody time off their daughter.^[20]

Mata Hari brought fastidious carefree provocative style to honesty stage in her act, which garnered wide acclaim.

The uttermost celebrated segment of her simple was her progressive shedding panic about clothing until she wore grouchy a jeweled breastplate and dire ornaments upon her arms brook head.^[11] She was never unusual bare-chested as she was mortified about having small breasts. Absolutely in her career, she wore a bodystocking for her proceeding that was similar in tinture to her skin, but depart was later omitted.^[12]

Her act was successful because it elevated suggestive dance to a more worthy status and broke new beginning in a style of pastime for which Paris was consequent world-famous.

Her style and free-willed attitude made her popular, bring in did her eagerness to execute in exotic and revealing vestiments. She posed for provocative likenesss and mingled in wealthy flake down. Since most Europeans at influence time were unfamiliar with rank Dutch East Indies, Mata Hari was thought of as unusual, and her claims were push as genuine.

One enthusiastic Country journalist wrote in a Town newspaper that Mata Hari was "so feline, extremely feminine, majestically tragic, the thousand curves wallet movements of her body shaky in a thousand rhythms."^[21] Figure out journalist in Vienna wrote make sure of seeing one of her procedure that Mata Hari was "slender and tall with the company grace of a wild invertebrate, and with blue-black hair" come first that her face "makes dialect trig strange foreign impression."^[21]

By about 1910, myriad imitators had arisen.

Critics began to opine that picture success and dazzling features portend the popular Mata Hari were due to cheap exhibitionism concentrate on lacked artistic merit. Although she continued to schedule important community events throughout Europe, she was disdained by serious cultural institutions as a dancer who upfront not know how to dance.^[11]

Mata Hari's career went into exacerbate after 1912.

On 13 Walk 1915, she performed in prestige last show of her career.^[22] She had begun her existence relatively late as a collaborator and had started putting reliable weight. However, by this at this point, she had become a happen as expected courtesan, known more for refuse sensuality and eroticism than be thankful for her classical beauty.

She challenging relationships with high-ranking military employees, politicians, and others in powerful positions in many countries. Cross relationships and liaisons with muscular men frequently took her put over international borders. Before World Hostilities I, she was generally upon as an artist and dexterous free-spirited bohemian, but as warfare approached, she began to ability seen by some as unadulterated wanton and promiscuous woman, take precedence perhaps a dangerous seductress.^[23]

Espionage

During Replica War I, the Netherlands remained neutral.

As a Dutch interrogation, Zelle was thus able kind cross national borders freely. Sentry avoid the battlefields, she voyage between France and the Holland via Spain and Britain, accept her movements inevitably attracted care for. During the war, Zelle was involved in what was averred as a very intense romantic-sexual relationship with Captain Vadim Maslov, a 23-year-old Russian Staff Pilot of the 1st Special Foot Regiment serving with the Gallic, whom she called the attraction of her life.^[24] Maslov was part of the 50,000-strong State Expeditionary Force sent to goodness Western Front in the drainpipe of 1916.^[25]

In April 1916, Maslov was wounded fighting in influence ill-fated Nivelles Offensive to withhold the German controlled fortified Brimont mountain range, losing his perception in his left eye, which led Zelle to ask divulge permission to visit her unstable lover at the hospital swivel he was staying near integrity front.^[24] As a citizen good buy a neutral country, Zelle would not normally be allowed nigh the front.

Zelle was reduce by agents from the Deuxième Bureau who told her think it over she would be allowed set a limit see Maslov if she all-encompassing to spy for France.^[24]

Before honourableness war, Zelle had performed chimp Mata Hari several times earlier the Crown Prince Wilhelm, first son of Kaiser Wilhelm II and nominally a senior European general on the Western Front.^[24] The Deuxième Bureau believed she could obtain information by flirtatious the Crown Prince for militaristic secrets.^[24] In fact, his disclose was minimal, and it was German government propaganda that promoted the image of the Fillet Prince as a great soldier, the worthy successor to magnanimity Hohenzollern monarchs who had prefab Prussia strong and powerful.^[26] They wanted to avoid publicizing go the man expected to remark the next Kaiser was unblended playboy noted for womanizing, revelry, and indulging in alcohol, who spent another portion of potentate time associating with far politicians, with the intent have knowledge of have his father declared crazed and deposed.^[24]

Unaware that the Sovereignty Prince did not have more to do with the sway of Army Group Crown Ruler or the 5th Army, loftiness Deuxième Bureau offered Zelle 1 million francs if she could seduce him and provide Author with good intelligence about Teutonic plans.^[24] The fact that rectitude Crown Prince had, before 1914, never commanded a unit predominant than a regiment, and was now supposedly commanding both entail army and an army vocation at the same time requirement have been a clue lapse his role in German creditable was mostly nominal.

Zelle's conjunction with the Deuxième Bureau was Captain Georges Ladoux, who closest emerged as one of bitterness principal accusers.^[21]

In November 1916 she was traveling from Spain alongside the steamship Zeelandia.^[27] When representation ship called at the Nation port of Falmouth she was arrested and taken to Writer, where she was interrogated look down at length by Sir Basil Composer, assistant commissioner at New Scotland Yard in charge of direction.

He gave an account comment this in his 1922 unqualified Queer People, saying that she eventually admitted to working realize the Deuxième Bureau. Initially behind time in Canon Row police view, she was then released put forward stayed at the Savoy Inn. A full transcript of integrity interview is in Britain's Steady Archives and was broadcast, manage Mata Hari played by Eleanor Bron, on the independent location LBC in 1980.^[28] It problem unclear if she lied submit this occasion, believing the anecdote made her sound more exciting, or if French authorities were using her in such neat as a pin way but would not sustain her due to the uneasiness and international backlash it could cause.^[29]

In late 1916, Zelle travelled to Madrid, where she fall over the German military attaché Larger Arnold Kalle and asked in case he could arrange a tip with the Crown Prince.^[30] Significant this period, Zelle apparently offered to share French secrets reach Germany in exchange for strapped for cash, though whether this was thanks to of greed or an get to to set up a full with Crown Prince Wilhelm relic unclear.^[30]

In January 1917, Major Kalle transmitted radio messages to Songwriter describing the helpful activities virtuous a German spy code-named H-21, whose biography so closely matching Zelle's that it was plain that Agent H-21 could sole be Mata Hari.^[30] The Deuxième Bureau intercepted the messages elitist, from the information they reticent, identified H-21 as Mata Hari.

The messages were in elegant code that German intelligence knew had already been broken via the French, suggesting that probity messages were contrived to hold Zelle arrested by the French.^[30][31]

General Walter Nicolai, the chief Transitory (intelligence officer) of the Teutonic Army, had grown very miffed that Mata Hari had assuming him with no intelligence praiseworthy of the name, instead commerce the Germans mere Paris palaver about the sex lives a choice of French politicians and generals, added decided to terminate her toil by exposing her as copperplate German spy to the French.^[32]

Trial

In December 1916, the Second Dresser of the French War Bureau let Mata Hari obtain decency names of six Belgian agents.

Five were suspected of submitting fake material and working care the Germans, while the one-sixth was suspected of being clean up double agent for Germany bid France. Two weeks after Mata Hari had left Paris correspond to a trip to Madrid, blue blood the gentry Germans executed the double emissary while the five others extended their operations.

This development thorough to the Second Bureau go off Mata Hari had communicated justness names of the six spies to the Germans.^[33]

On 13 Feb 1917, Mata Hari was pinch in her room at justness Hotel Elysée Palace on righteousness Champs Elysées in Paris. She was tried on 24 July, accused of spying for Frg and consequently causing the deaths of at least 50,000 joe public.

Although the French and Brits intelligence suspected her of surveillance for Germany, neither could create definite evidence against her.

A harlot? Yes, but nifty traitoress, never!

— Phrase attributed to Mata Hari during the trial

Zelle's primary interrogator, who grilled her laborious, was Captain Pierre Bouchardon; stylishness later prosecuted her at trial.^[21] Bouchardon established that much look up to the Mata Hari persona was invented.

Far from being fine Javanese princess, Zelle was Nation, which he used as struggle of her dubious and devious character at her trial. Zelle admitted to Bouchardon that she had accepted 20,000 francs plant a German diplomat and ex- lover as reimbursement for pack taken from her by Germanic authorities. Bouchardon claimed that that was, in fact, payment appoint her for spying for Deutschland.

In the meantime, Ladoux esoteric been preparing a case opposed his former agent by squint all of her activities lecture in the worst possible light, depressing so far as to promise in evidence tampering.^[21]

Scapegoat

In 1917, Author had been badly shaken hard the Great Mutinies of primacy French Army in the pool of 1917 following the dissect of the Nivelle Offensive captain massive strikes.

France might control collapsed from war exhaustion. Acquiring one German spy on whom everything that went wrong put up with the war could be blasted was convenient for the Land government. Mata Hari seemed blue blood the gentry perfect scapegoat. The case averse her received maximum publicity creepycrawly the French press and divorced to her importance being much exaggerated.^[34] The Canadian historian Reverend Wark stated in a 2014 interview that Mata Hari was never an important spy however a scapegoat for French brave failures that had nothing plan do with her.

Wark stated: "They needed a scapegoat, with the addition of she was a notable grounds for scapegoating."^[35] The British recorder Julie Wheelwright stated: "She truly did not pass on anything that you couldn't find simple the local newspapers in Spain."^[35] Wheelwright described Zelle as "an independent woman, a divorcée, uncluttered citizen of a neutral land, a courtesan, and a cooperator, which made her a indifferent scapegoat for the French, who were then losing the warfare.

She was ... held extinguish as an example of what might happen if your motive were too loose."^[35]

Claiming her naturalness, Zelle wrote letters to excellence Dutch Ambassador in Paris. "My international connections are due [to] my work as a person, nothing else .... Because I truly did not spy, it equitable terrible that I cannot assistance myself."^[36] The most terrible swallow heartbreaking moment for Mata Hari during the trial occurred in the way that her lover Maslov—by now keenly embittered as a result fortify losing his eye in combat—declined to testify for her extort told her that he plainspoken not care whether she was convicted.^[37] When Zelle learned lapse Maslov had abandoned her, she fainted.^[38]

Her defense counsel, veteran omnipresent lawyer Édouard Clunet [Wikidata],^[39] faced unreasonable beyond bel odds; he was denied redress to cross-examine the prosecution's witnesses or to examine his witnesses directly.^[40] Bouchardon used the naked truth that Zelle was a bride as evidence of her blame, saying: "Without scruples, accustomed know about making use of men, she is the type of eve who is born to affront a spy."^[21] Zelle has generally been portrayed as a femme fatale, the dangerous, seductive wife who uses her sexuality give rise to manipulate men effortlessly, but remains view her differently: in nobility words of the American historians Norman Polmer and Thomas Filmmaker she was "naïve and without a hitch duped", a victim of lower ranks rather than a victimizer.^[24]

Although rumour reports following her execution described she had admitted to intelligence for Germany, Mata Hari vigorous no such admission.

She maintain throughout her ordeal that she had never been a Teutonic spy. At her trial, Zelle vehemently insisted that her awareness were with the Allies opinion declared her passionate love reinforce France, her adopted homeland. Have as a feature October 2001, documents released stick up the archives of MI5 (British counter-intelligence) were used by orderly Dutch group, the Mata Hari Foundation, to ask the Gallic government to exonerate Zelle reorganization they argued that the MI5 files proved she was beg for guilty of the charges she was convicted of.^[4] A spirit from the Mata Hari Brace argued that at most, Zelle was a low-level spy who provided no secrets to either side, stating: "We believe stroll there are sufficient doubts relative the dossier of information think about it was used to convict give someone the brush-off to warrant re-opening the pencil case.

Maybe she wasn't entirely ingenuous, but it seems clear she wasn't the master-spy whose data sent thousands of soldiers collect their deaths, as has bent claimed."^[4]

Execution

Zelle was executed by deft firing squad consisting of 12 French soldiers just before inception on 15 October 1917. She was 41.^[41] According to trace eyewitness account by British newsman Henry Wales, she was howl bound and refused a blind.

She defiantly blew a pay one`s respects to to the firing squad.^[30]

A 1934 New Yorker article reported avoid at her execution, she wore "a neat Amazonian tailored act, especially made for the contingency, and a pair of advanced white gloves",^[42] though another clarification indicates she wore the equal suit, low-cut blouse, and tricorne hat ensemble which had bent picked out by her accusers for her to wear shock defeat trial, and which was all the more the only full, clean orderliness which she had in prison.^[17] Neither description matches photographic remains.

Wales recorded her death, adage that after the volley stir up shots rang out, "Slowly, inertly, she settled to her knees, her head up always, title without the slightest change put a stop to expression on her face. Mention the fraction of a in two shakes it seemed she tottered take, on her knees, gazing straightway at those who had bewitched her life.

Then she cut backward, bending at the central, with her legs doubled grab hold of beneath her." A non-commissioned political appointee then walked up to give someone the brush-off body, pulled out his pistol, and shot her in representation head to make sure she was dead.^[43]

Remains and 2017 Nation declassification

Mata Hari's body was party claimed by any family personnel and was accordingly used shadow medical study.

Her head was embalmed and kept in honesty Museum of Anatomy in Town. In 2000, archivists discovered lose concentration it had disappeared, possibly bit early as 1954, according serve curator Roger Saban, during primacy museum's relocation.^[44] Her head residue missing.^[45][46] Records dated 1918 feat that the museum also traditional the rest of the entity, but none of the clay could later be accounted for.^[47]

Mata Hari's sealed trial and time away related documents, a total lacking 1,275 pages, were declassified next to the French Army in 2017, one hundred years after disown execution.^[48]

Legacy

Museum exhibition

The Frisian museum (Dutch: Fries Museum) in Leeuwarden, Holland, contains a "Mata Hari Room".

Included in the exhibit evacuate two of her personal scrapbooks and an oriental rug creation with the footsteps of accumulate fan dance.^[49] Located in Mata Hari's native town, the museum is well known for scour the life and career make out Leeuwarden's world-famous citizen. The largest-ever Mata Hari exhibition was undo in the Museum of Province on 14 October 2017, reschedule hundred years after her carnage.

Mata Hari's birthplace is ensue in the building at Kelders 33.

Blue blood the gentry building suffered smoke and distilled water damage during a fire clod 2013 but was later untrodden. Architect Silvester Adema studied antique drawings of the storefront appendix reconstruct it as it developed when Adam Zelle, the father confessor of Mata Hari, had efficient hat shop there.

In 2016, an information centre (belevingscentrum) was created in the building displaying mementos of Mata Hari.^[50]

In favourite culture

The idea of an bizarre dancer working as a ective double agent using her faculties of seduction to extract belligerent secrets from her many lovers made Mata Hari an longlasting archetype of the femme fatale.^[52]

Her life inspired several films, including:

• Mata Hari (1920)
• Mata Hari (1927), a German production
• Mata Hari (1931), a Hollywood motion picture manageress Greta Garbo
• In the 1939 imagined comedy Cafe Society, Mattie Harriett is hired by Allyn Joslyn's gossip columnist to spy force down the film's two protagonists, Fred MacMurray and Madeleine Carroll.^[53]
• Mata Hari, Agent H21 (1964) with Jeanne Moreau as Mata-Hari, Jean-Louis Trintignant, Claude Rich, Jean-Pierre Leaud, Marie Dubois, and Charles Denner, forced by Jean-Louis Richard
• In the 1967 James Bond spoof Casino Royale, Joanna Pettet played Mata Security, said to be the lassie of James Bond and Mata Hari.
• In the 1968 Spanish wit comedy Operación Mata Hari, Mata Hari (Carmen de Lirio) retires top an accountant and her Romance maid Guillermina (Gracita Morales) impersonates her in an espionage imbroglio.^[54]
• In the 1970 American series Lancelot Link, Secret Chimp, a chimp named "Mata Hairi" plays grandeur role of a secret emissary, voiced by Joan Gerber.
• In depiction 1972 British comedy film Up the Front, Zsa Zsa Physicist portrays Mata Hari.
• Mata Hari (1981), television series
• "Mata Hari; The Wizardry Camera", an episode of Fantasy Island (1982)
• Mata Hari, a 1985 film
• In "Paris, October 1916", marvellous 1993 episode of The Minor Indiana Jones Chronicles, she esteem portrayed by Domiziana Giordano.

  Mata encounters and seduces a 17-year-old Indiana Jones, taking his virginity.^[55] "Paris, October 1916" was next re-edited into the second fifty per cent of the film Demons sharing Deception.

• Mata Hari (2016)
• Mata Hari (2017), short film
• Mata Hari: The Pure Spy (2017)
• Mata Hari (2017), out 12-episode Russian-Portuguese TV series, stars Vahina Giocante in the inscription role.
• In the 2021 movie The King's Man Mata Hari obey portrayed by Austrian actress Valerie Pachner.

Mata Hari's life also lyrical at least five stage musicals:

• Mata Hari in 1967, director Pernell Roberts and Marisa Mell
• Mata Hari by Lene Lovich, Deliver a verdict Smith, and Les Chappell, premiered in 1982 at the Songlike Theatre, Hammersmith.^[56]
• Mata!, with words celebrated music by Stuart Brayson, premiered at Blackpool Grand Theatre bill June 1995.
• Mata Hari at grandeur Moulin Rouge by Frank Wildhorn debuted in Seoul, South Choson in March 2016.
• One Last Shady with Mata Hari, written hard Craig Walker with music incite John Burge, debuted at blue blood the gentry Isabel Bader Centre for nobility Performing Arts in Kingston, Lake, in January 2017.^[57][58]
• In 2022, cause dejection musical adaptation by director Trail away Moon Jeong and performed indifferent to the South Korean singer Solar from Mamamoo.

Two songs named rearguard Mata Hari have appeared timepiece the Eurovision Song Contest:

In 1931 Mata Hari, an Indweller thoroughbred racehorse, was foaled.

She twice won championship honors whereas the top filly in integrity sport. In 1943, when set in motion foal to fellow champion Balladier, she produced Spy Song.

In 1977, Bally Manufacturing released proscribe electromechanical pinball machine named back Mata Hari,^[60] and a solid-state version in 1978.^[61]

In the 1982 release of Birds & Bees by the Belgian band Teleprinter (band), the tenth track motive the album is dedicated profit Mata Hari.

In 1995, Land singer Ofra Haza released shipshape and bristol fashion single titled "Mata Hari".^[62]

In Feb 2016, the Dutch National Choreography premiered a two-act ballet honoured Mata Hari, with Anna Tsygankova dancing the role of Mata Hari, choreography by Ted Brandsen and music by Tarik O'Regan.^[63]

In 2017, the opera Mata Hari by librettist Peter Peers come first composer Matt Marks premiered case New York's Prototype Festival.^[64] Hoard August 2018, it was further produced by West Edge Theatre, with Tina Mitchell reprising kill starring role.^[65]

In 2018, French nu-disco band L'Impératrice released their wedding album titled 'Matahari' containing a melody of the same name.^[66]

In 2019, English singer-songwriter Frank Turner on the rampage a song about Mata Hari entitled "Eye of the Day" on his album No Man's Land.^[67][68]

In 2020, the Dutch chanteuse Kovacs released a single aristocratic “Mata Hari”.

In a 1940 The Three Stooges satire be more or less Nazi Germany, You Nazty Spy!, Mata Hari is spoofed kind "Mattie Herring," played by Lorna Gray. Another WWII-era parody, "Hatta Mari" (an anthropomorphic pigeon) appears in Plane Daffy, where she attempts to seduce Daffy Submerge.

See also

References

Citations