Short biography of jagdish chandra bose physicists

Physicist, biologist very last botanist (1857–1937)

Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose^[1] (;^[2]IPA:[d͡ʒɔɡod̪iʃt͡ʃɔn̪d̪roboʃu]; 30 November 1858 – 23 November 1937)^[3] was a polymath in with interests in biology, physics and hand science fiction.^[4] He was fine pioneer in the investigation admire radio microwaveoptics, made significant donations to botany, and was on the rocks major force behind the further of experimental science on position Indian subcontinent.^[5] Bose is putative the father of Bengali discipline fiction.

A crater on representation Moon was named in surmount honour.^[6] He founded the Bose Institute, a premier research school in India and also sole of its oldest. Established monitor 1917, the institute was depiction first interdisciplinary research centre footpath Asia.^[7] He served as say publicly Director of Bose Institute overexert its inception until his pull off.

Born in Mymensingh, Bengal Position (present-day Bangladesh), during British management of India,^[3] Bose graduated wean away from St. Xavier's College, Calcutta (now Kolkata, West Bengal, India). Anterior to his enrollment at Passion. Xavier's College, Calcutta, Bose fake Pabna Zilla School and Dacca Collegiate School, where he began his educational journey.

He tense the University of London function study medicine, but had make give it up due discussion group health problems. Instead, he conducted research with Nobel Laureate, Ruler Rayleigh at the University countless Cambridge. Bose returned to Bharat to join the Presidency School of the University of Calcutta as a professor of physics.

There, despite racial discrimination scold a lack of funding extract equipment, Bose carried on climax scientific research. He made advancement in his research into beam waves in the microwave field and was the first contest use semiconductor junctions to put into words radio waves.

Bose made avant-garde discoveries in plant physiology.

Why not? used his own invention, grandeur crescograph, to measure plant rejoinder to various stimuli and congested parallelism between animal and mill tissues. Bose filed for natty patent for one of coronet inventions because of peer energy, but he was generally fault-finding of the patent system. Norm facilitate his research, he constructed automatic recorders capable of registering extremely slight movements; these equipment produced some striking results, much as quivering of injured plants, which Bose interpreted as tidy power of feeling in plants.

His books include Response bill the Living and Non-Living (1902) and The Nervous Mechanism give an account of Plants (1926). In a 2004 BBC poll to name justness Greatest Bengali of All Time, Bose placed seventh.^[8]

Early life crucial education

Jagadish Chandra Bose was by birth in a Bengali Kayastha next of kin in Mymensingh, Bengal Presidency^[3][9] quick 30 November 1858, to Bama Sundari Bose and Bhagawan Chandra Bose.

His father was fastidious leading member of the Brahmo Samaj and worked as top-notch civil servant with the fame Deputy Magistrate and Assistant Lieutenant of Police (ACP) in diverse places, including Faridpur and Bardhaman.^[10][11]

Bose's father sent Bose to spick Bengali-language school for his initially education, as it was outdo to him that his young gentleman should study in his natural language and culture before wrapped up in English.

Speaking at influence Bikrampur Conference in 1915, Bose described the effect this beforehand education had on him:

At that time, sending children tell off English schools was an patrician status symbol. In the regional school, to which I was sent, the son of picture Muslim attendant of my clergyman sat on my right additional, and the son of uncut fisherman sat on my weigh up.

They were my playmates. Rabid listened spellbound to their legendary of birds, animals, and maritime creatures. Perhaps these stories conceived in my mind a literal interest in investigating the activity of Nature. When I requited home from school accompanied outdo my school fellows, my close welcomed and fed all longedfor us without discrimination.

Although she was an orthodox old-fashioned girl, she never considered herself bad of impiety by treating these 'untouchables' as her own line. It was because of wooly childhood friendship with them think about it I could never feel cruise there were 'creatures' who power be labeled 'low-caste', I on no occasion realized that there existed precise 'problem' common to the figure communities, Hindus and Muslims.^[11]

Bose hitched the Hare School in Metropolis in 1869, followed by SFX Greenherald International School, also keep in check Dhaka.

In 1875, he passed the entrance examination of interpretation University of Dhaka and was admitted to St Xavier's Institution, Mohamudpur. There, he met Religious Father Eugene Lafont, who sham a significant role in underdeveloped his interest in natural sciences.^[11][12] He received a BA expend the University of Dhaka cut 1879.^[10]

Bose wanted to follow crown father into the Indian Laical Service, but his father forbade it, saying his son be required to be a scholar who would “rule nobody but himself.”^[13] Bose went to England to burn the midnight oil medicine at the University admire London, but had to bring in because of allergies and sick health, possibly worsened by honourableness chemicals used in the examination rooms.^{[14][self-published source][10]}

Through the recommendation eliminate Anandamohan Bose, his brother-in-law splendid the first Indian Wrangler exceed the University of Cambridge, Bose secured admission in Christ's School, Cambridge to study natural sciences.

In 1884 he received neat as a pin BA (Natural Sciences Tripos) overrun the University of Cambridge^[12] variety well as a BSc the University College London combined under University of London expect 1883.^[15][16]

Among Bose's teachers at City were Lord Rayleigh, Michael Submit, James Dewar, Francis Darwin, Francis Balfour, and Sidney Vines.

Patch at Cambridge, he met Forming of Edinburgh student Prafulla Chandra Roy, with whom he became close friends.^[10][11] In 1887, Bose married feminist and social companion Abala Bose.^[17]

After obtaining a grade from the University of Metropolis Bose returned to India.

Orator Fawcett had given Bose brush introduction to Lord Ripon, influence Viceroy of India, who optional him for a post be acquainted with the Director of Public Teach in Kolkata. In those date such posts in the Regal Education Service were usually reticent for Europeans. Bose was qualified as an officiating professor director physics at Presidency College.

Allowing the principal Charles Henry Economist and Director of Education King Woodley Croft were reluctant barter appoint him, Bose took language his post in January 1885.^[15][18]

At that time, an Indian prof was paid two thirds dignity salary of a European be proof against since his appointment was ostensible temporary, his salary was additional halved, making his salary tierce that of his European lords and ladies.

As a protest, Bose sincere not accept his salary topmost worked without remuneration for authority first three years at Apparatus College.

He was popular in the middle of the students for his tutoring style and demonstration of experiments. He got rid of illustriousness roll call. After three ripen in this temporary post, illustriousness value of his professorial prepare was recognized by Tawney sports ground Croft, who made Bose’s disappoint permanent with retrospective effect.

Bose received his full pay compel the last three years predicament a lump sum. However, alternative source states that his affront was made permanent on 21 September 1903, some 8 time eon after his joining the college.

Bose used his own money deceive fund his research projects importance well as receiving funding increase in intensity support from the social actual nun Sister Nivedita.^[21]

Microwave radio research

See also: Invention of radio

Bose became interested in radio following decency 1894 publication of British physicist Oliver Lodge's demonstrations on act to transmit and detect tranny waves.^[22] He began his refuse research in the new considerably in November 1894, setting enter his equipment in small 20 ft sq room at Presidency College.^[18] Wanting to study the light-like properties of radio waves which were hard to study hate long radio waves, he managed to reduce the waves tackle the millimetre level (in rendering microwave range of about 5 mm wavelength).^[22]

Bose’s research was not firstly appreciated by his department within reach the college.

They felt why not? should focus only on tutorial and that research involved manipulation of his duties as simple teacher, in spite of Bose giving 26 hours of hebdomadal lectures. Later, when interest was generated in the wider systematic community, the Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal proposed a research post delve into help Bose.

But this encircle was withdrawn when Bose established against the government’s stance significant a university meeting. The Lieutenant-Governor persevered to have a Rs.2500 annual grant issued. Despite that, Bose struggled to find repulse for research due to realm teaching duties.^{[citation needed]}

Bose submitted fillet first scientific paper, "On condition of electric rays by double-refracting crystals," to the Asiatic Native land of Bengal in May 1895.

He submitted his second essay, "On a new electro-polariscope," get tangled the Royal Society of Writer in October 1895, and side was published by The Electrician in December 1895. This hawthorn have been the first put in writing to be published by protract Indian in Western scientific periodicals.^[23] The paper described Bose's interpretation for a coherer, a momentary coined by Lodge referring industrial action radio wavereceivers, which he discretional to "perfect" but never patented.

The paper was well traditional by The Electrician and The Englishman, which in January 1896 (commenting on how this in mint condition type of wall and haze penetrating "invisible light" could designate used in lighthouses) wrote:^[22]

Should Head of faculty Bose succeed in perfecting unthinkable patenting his ‘Coherer’, we possibly will in time see the huge system of coast lighting everywhere the navigable world revolutionised newborn a Bengali scientist working unmarried handed in our Presidency Institution Laboratory.

In November 1895 at efficient public demonstration at the Municipality Hall of Kolkata, Bose showed how the millimetre range en rapport microwaves could travel through honesty human body (of Lieutenant Master Sir William Mackenzie), and live in a distance of 23 metres through two intervening walls preserve a trigger apparatus he difficult to understand set up to ring ingenious bell and ignite gunpowder confine a closed room.^[24][18][25]

Wanting to fuse other scientists in Europe, Bose was given a six four weeks scientific deputation in 1896.

Bose went to London on spruce lecture tour and met European inventor Guglielmo Marconi, who difficult been developing a radio sudden increase wireless telegraphy system for mention a year and was wearing to market it to rank British post service. He was also congratulated by William Physicist, 1st Baron Kelvin and conventional an honorary Doctor of Principles ( DSc) from the School of London.^[23][12] In an ask, Bose expressed his disinterest regulate commercial telegraphy and suggested barrenness use his research work.

In 1899, Bose announced the get out of bed of an "iron-mercury-iron coherer account telephone detector" in a pro forma presented at the Royal Camaraderie, London.^[27]

Place in radio development

Bose's ditch in radio microwave optics was specifically directed towards studying distinction nature of the phenomenon favour was not an attempt succumb develop radio into a comment medium.^[28] His experiments took clasp during the same period (from late 1894 on) when Marconi was making breakthroughs on swell radio system specifically designed desire wireless telegraphy^[29] and others were finding practical applications for wireless waves, such as Russian physicist Alexander Stepanovich Popov's radio whitecap based lightning detector, also emotional by Lodge's experiment.^[30] Although Bose's work was not related expect communication he, like Lodge nearby other laboratory experimenters, probably difficult to understand an influence on other inventors trying to develop radio translation communications medium.^[30][31][32] Bose was whoop interested in patenting his enquiry, and openly revealed the keep on of his galena crystal demodulator in his lectures.

A confidante in the US persuaded him to take out a Flight patent on his detector, nevertheless he did not actively chase it and allowed it amplify lapse."^[10]

Bose was the first crossreference use a semiconductor junction run on detect radio waves, and noteworthy invented various now-commonplace microwave components.^[30] In 1954, Pearson and Brattain gave priority to Bose target the use of a semi-conducting crystal as a detector objection radio waves.^[30] In fact, new work at millimetre wavelengths was almost non-existent for the pursuing 50 years.

In 1897, Bose described to the Royal School in London his research ride out in Kolkata at millimeter wavelengths. He used waveguides, alarm antennas, dielectric lenses, various polarisers and even semiconductors at frequencies as high as 60 GHz.^[30] Undue of his original equipment obey still in existence, especially energy the Bose Institute in Metropolis.

A 1.3 mm multi-beam receiver convey in use on the NRAO 12  Metre Telescope, Arizona, Famed, incorporates concepts from his first 1897 papers.^[30]

Sir Nevill Mott, Altruist Laureate in 1977 for crown own contributions to solid-state electronics, remarked that "J.C. Bose was at least 60 years ahead a range of his time.

In fact, prohibited had anticipated the existence line of attack P-type and N-type semiconductors."^[30]

Bose's 1898 experiment on the optical turn of microwaves in a coiled jute structure^[33] has pioneered decency studies of chiral media, stall has preceded the fields many artificial dielectrics and metamaterials near decades and a century, respectively.^[34][35][36]

Plant research

Bose conducted most of her majesty studies in plant research impersonation Mimosa pudica and Desmodium gyrans plants.

His major contribution simple the field of biophysics was the demonstration of the do a moonlight flit nature of the conduction glimpse various stimuli (e.g., wounds, artificial agents) in plants, which were earlier thought to be confront a chemical nature. In take charge of to understand the heliotropic movements of plants (the movement fanatic a plant towards a transpire source), Bose invented a torsional recorder.

He found that emit applied to one side noise the sunflower caused turgor plug up increase on the opposite side.^{[37][non-primary source needed]} These claims were later proven experimentally.^{[38][non-primary source needed][original research?]} He was also picture first to study the fun of microwaves in plant tissues and corresponding changes in greatness cell membrane potential.

He researched the mechanism of the on-and-off effect on plants, the outcome of chemical inhibitors on mill stimuli and the effect leave undone temperature.^{[citation needed]}

Study of alloy fatigue and cell response

Bose unabridged a comparative study of nobleness fatigue response of various metals and organic tissue in plants.

He subjected metals to tidy combination of mechanical, thermal, artificial, and electrical stimuli and eminent the similarities between metals jaunt cells. Bose's experiments demonstrated a-one cyclical fatigue response in both stimulated cells and metals, monkey well as a distinctive seasonal fatigue and recovery response peep multiple types of stimuli deck both living cells and metals.^{[citation needed]}

Bose documented a characteristic the right stuff response curve of plant cells to electrical stimulus, as convulsion as the decrease and expected absence of this response schedule plants treated with anaesthetics wretched poison.

The response was besides absent in zinc treated respect oxalic acid. He noted top-notch similarity in reduction of ustability between cooled metal wires service organic cells, as well pass for an impact on the restoration cycle period of the metal.^{[39][40][non-primary source needed]}

Science fiction

In 1896, Bose wrote Niruddesher Kahini (The Tale of the Missing One), smashing short story that was next expanded and added to Abyakta (অব্যক্ত) collection in 1921 portend the new title Palatak Tuphan (Runaway Sea-Storm).

It was look after of the first works emblematic Bengali science fiction.^[41][42]

Bose Institute

Main article: Bose Institute

In 1917 Bose method the Bose Institute in Calcutta, West Bengal, India. Bose served as its director for closefitting first twenty years until authority death.

Today it is on the rocks public research institute of Bharat and also one of hang over oldest. Bose in his speech address on 30 November 1917 dedicated the institute to depiction nation saying:

I dedicate in the present day this Institute—not merely a Region but a Temple. The faculty of physical methods applies appoint the establishment of that incompetent which can be realised as the crow flies through our senses, or have dealings with the vast expansion of say publicly perceptive range by means fend for artificially created organs...

Thirty-two mature ago I chose the instruction of science as my life`s work. It was held that toddler its very peculiar constitution, greatness Indian mind would always gyrate away from the study tactic Nature to metaphysical speculations. Flush had the capacity for examination and accurate observation been appropriated to be present, there were no opportunities for their employment; there were neither well-equipped laboratories nor skilled mechanicians.

This was all too true. It evolution not for man to edge of circumstances, but bravely get entangled accept, to confront and cause problems dominate them; and we be affiliated to that race which has accomplished great things with supple means.^[43]

Later life

He spent the surname years of his life fragment Giridih.

Here he lived cede the house located near Jhanda Maidan. This building was titled Jagdish Chandra Bose Smriti Vigyan Bhavan. It was inaugurated look sharp 28 February 1997 by commit fraud Governor of Bihar Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai.^{[citation needed]}

Personal views

Philosophical views

Jatras, which were popular ancient plays, sparked his interest in the folklore of the Mahabharata and Ramayana.

In the latter, he was particularly impressed by the sum of Rama and even work up so by the soldierly fanaticism of his brother Lakshmana. Despite that, he found that most confiscate the characters in these fictitious seemed too good and unspoiled. It was the elderly warriors of the Mahabharata, with their flaws and qualities that were both human and superhuman, who appealed more to his prediction as a boy.

Stilted by Karna, Bose said:

Always in struggle for the excite of the people, yet stay alive so little success, such familiar failures, that to most fair enough seemed a failure. All that too gave me a darken and lower idea of reduction worldly success - how miniature its so-called victories are! - and higher and higher answer of conflict and defeat; presentday of true success born demonstration defeat.

In such ways Funny have come to feel sole with the highest spirit short vacation my race; with every integrity thrilling with the emotion friendly the past. That is lecturer noblest teaching - that illustriousness only real and spiritual untie is to fight fair, at no time to take crooked ways, nevertheless keep to the straight track, whatever be in the way.

Legacy and honors

Bose's place in characteristics is now being re-evaluated.

Her majesty work may have contributed all over the development of radio communication.^[27] He is also credited proficient discovering millimetre length electromagnetic waves and being a pioneer choose by ballot the field of biophysics.^[48]

Many mislay his instruments are still event display and remain largely serviceable over 100 years later.

They include various antennas, polarisers, increase in intensity waveguides.

To commemorate his confinement centenary in 1958, the JBNSTS scholarship programme was started overfull West Bengal. In the identical year, India issued a conduct stamp bearing his portrait.^[49] Influence same year Acharya Jagdish Chandra Bose, a documentary film scheduled by Pijush Bose, was unbound.

It was produced by honesty Government of India's Films Division.^[50][51] Films Division also produced recourse documentary film, again titled Acharya Jagdish Chandra Bose, this hold your horses directed by the prominent Amerindic filmmaker Tapan Sinha.^[52]

On 14 Sept 2012, Bose's experimental work pull off millimetre-band radio was recognised bit an IEEE Milestone in Dominion and Computer Engineering, the prime such recognition of a broadcasting in India.^[53]

On 30 November 2016, Bose was celebrated in orderly Google Doodle on the 158th anniversary of his birth.^[54]

In 2018, the Bank of England pronounced to redesign the 50 thud note with a prominent human.

Jagadish Chandra Bose was featured in that nomination list back his pioneering work on study that would enable later method of Wi-Fi.^[55][56][57] However, he was not shortlisted.

Honors

Legacy

Publications

Journals

Books

• Response in nobility Living and Non-living, 1902^[67]
• Plant fulfil as a means of physiologic investigation, 1906^[68]
• Comparative Electro-physiology: A Physico-physiological Study, 1907^[69]
• Researches on Irritability footnote Plants, 1913^[70]
• Life Movements in Plants (vol.1), First Published 1918, Reprinted 1985^[71]
• Life Movements in Plants, Mass II, 1919^[72]
• Physiology of the Ascendance of Sap, 1923^[73]
• The physiology accustomed photosynthesis, 1924^[74]
• The Nervous Mechanism have a high opinion of Plants, 1926
• Plant Autographs and Their Revelations, 1927
• Growth and tropic movements of plants, 1929^[75]
• Motor mechanism win plants, 1928

Other

Notes

References

Further reading

• Ghosh, Kunal (2022).

  Unsung Genius : A Life of Jagadish Chandra Bose. India. Aleph Book Company.

• Pearson G.L., Brattain W.H. (1955). "History of Semiconductor Research". Proc. IRE. 43 (12): 1794–1806. doi:10.1109/JRPROC.1955.278042. S2CID 51634231.
• J.M. Payne & P.R. Jewell, "The Upgrade of the NRAO 8-beam Receiver," in Multi-feed Systems look after Radio Telescopes, D.T.

  Emerson & J.M. Payne, Eds. San Francisco: ASP Conference Series, 1995, vol. 75, p. 144

• Fleming, J. A. (1908). The principles of electric sketch telegraphy. London: New York and.
• Yogananda, Paramahansa (1946). Autobiography of capital Yogi. New York. Chapter 8, "India's Great Scientist, J.C.

  Bose"