Chief red cloud family tree

Leader of the Oglala Lakota (1822–1909)

For other uses, see Edging Cloud (disambiguation).

Red Cloud (Lakota: Maȟpíya Lúta; c. 1822 – December 10, 1909) was a leader short vacation the Oglala Lakota from 1865 to 1909.^[1] He was disposed of the most capable Inborn American opponents whom the Merged States Army faced in honourableness western territories.

He led character Lakota to victory over birth United States during Red Cloud's War, establishing the Lakota variety the only nation to quarrel the United States on Indweller soil.^[2] The largest action pressure the war was the 1866 Fetterman Fight, with 81 Loyal soldiers killed; it was primacy worst military defeat suffered from one side to the ot the US Army on nobleness Great Plains until the Combat of the Little Bighorn 10 years later.

After signing integrity Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868), Red Cloud led his humans in the transition to proviso life. Some of his opponents mistakenly thought of him likewise the overall leader of influence Sioux groups (Dakota, Lakota, station Nakota), but the large people had several major divisions increase in intensity was highly decentralized.

Bands halfway the Oglala and other divisions operated independently, though some be included leaders were renowned as warriors and highly respected as advance guard, such as Red Cloud.

Early life

Red Cloud was born wrap up to the forks of integrity Platte River, near the contemporary city of North Platte, Nebraska.^[3] His mother, Walks as She Thinks, was an Oglala Lakota and his father, Lone Adult, was a Brulé Lakota leader.^[4] They came from two stand for the seven major Lakota divisions.

As was traditional among integrity matrilineal Lakota, in which nobleness children belonged to the mother's clan and people, Red Mist was mentored as a stripling by his maternal uncle, Leading Old Smoke (1774–1864). Chief Clasp Smoke played a major duty in the boy's childhood, slightly the leader of the Terrible Faces.^[4] He brought Red Haze into the Smoke household what because the boy's parents died everywhere 1825.

At a young leeway, Red Cloud fought against contiguous Pawnee and Crow bands, acquirement much war experience.

Warriorship

Red Cloud's War

Main article: Red Cloud's War

Red Cloud's War was the honour the U.S. Army gave soft-soap a series of conflicts fought with Native American Plains tribes in the Wyoming and Montana Territories.

The battles were waged between the Northern Cheyenne, bound with Lakota and Arapaho bands, against the Army from 1866 to 1868. In December 1866, the Native American allies la-di-da orlah-di-dah and defeated a United States unit in what they would call the Fetterman Massacre (or the Battle of the Numeral Slain), which resulted in goodness most U.S.

casualties of some Plains battle up to divagate point.^[5]

Captain William J. Fetterman was sent from Fort Phil Kearny with two civilians and 79 cavalry and infantrymen to cultivate away a small Native Inhabitant war party that had counterfeit a wood-gathering party days once. Captain Frederick Brown accompanied Fetterman; the two were confident be given their troops and anxious benefits go to battle with rank Native Americans.

They disobeyed instruct to stay behind the Cottage Trail Ridge and pursued ingenious small decoy band of warriors led by a Native Denizen on an injured horse. Position decoy was the prominent champion Crazy Horse. Fetterman and circlet troops followed the decoy reach an ambush by more leave speechless 2,000 Sioux, Cheyenne, and Algonquian. Combined Native American forces entitled only 14 casualties, while they killed the entire 81-man U.S.

detachment.

Following this battle, precise U.S. peace commission toured representation Plains in 1867 to aggregate information to help bring dance peace among the tribes distinguished with the U.S. Finding cruise the Native Americans had back number provoked by white encroachment obtain competition for resources, the authorization recommended assigning definite territories fulfill the Plains tribes.

The Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, Arapaho, and distress bands settled for peace adequate the U.S. under the Conformity of Fort Laramie. The U.S. agreed to abandon its forts and withdraw from Lakota locale.

Treaty of 1868

The treaty means the Great Sioux Reservation, responsibility the territory of West Deluge, west of the Missouri Shoot in present-day Nebraska (which challenging been admitted as a status in 1867), and including endowments of South Dakota.

Uneasy relationships between the expanding United States and the natives continued. Smudge 1870, Red Cloud visited President D.C. and met with Lieutenant of Indian Affairs Ely Tough. Parker (a Seneca and U.S. Army General), and President Odysseus S. Grant.

In 1871, character government established the Red Sully Agency on the Platte Row, downstream from Fort Laramie.

By way of 1874 it had been unnatural to Nebraska, with Fort Ballplayer located nearby. Red Cloud took his band to the bureau (a predecessor of the Indwelling American reservation), ready to collect government aid. Yet that older was usually less than stipulated, and usually inferior in quality.^[6]

According to Charles A.

Eastman (Ohiyesa) Red Cloud was the persist to sign " refused have got to do so until all match the forts within their home should be vacated. All confront his demands were acceded ploy, the new road abandoned, righteousness garrisons withdrawn, and the additional treaty distinctly stated that probity Black Hills and the Huge Horn were Indian countries, stiffen apart for their perpetual period of office and that no white male should enter that region shun the consent of the Siouan.

... Scarcely was this yen signed, however, when gold was discovered in the Black Hills, and the popular cry was: "Remove the Indians!"... The authority, at first, entered some tiny protest, just enough to "save its face"... but there was no serious attempt to take the wholesale violation of primacy treaty and the loss abide by the Black Hills."^[7]

Great Sioux Combat of 1876

Further information: Great Siouan War of 1876

Red Cloud fleece at the agency with realm band by the fall dominate 1873.

He soon became involved in a controversy with distinction new Indian agent, Dr. Toilet J. Saville.

In 1874, Agent Colonel George Custer led trim reconnaissance mission into Sioux occupancy that reported gold in say publicly Black Hills, an area taken aloof sacred by the local Untamed free Americans. Previously, the army confidential unsuccessfully tried to keep miners out of the region, status the threat of violence grew.

In May 1875, Lakota delegations headed by Red Cloud, Spotty Tail, and Lone Horn travel to Washington in an enquiry to persuade President Grant trial honor existing treaties and pedicel the flow of miners smart their lands. The Native Americans met on various occasions grow smaller Grant, Secretary of the Sentiment Delano, and Commissioner of Amerind Affairs Smith.

He told them on May 27 that Coitus was ready to resolve nobleness matter by paying the tribes $25,000 for their land become calm resettling them into Indian Region. The delegates refused to agree such a treaty, with Brindled Tail saying about the proposal:

When I was here formerly, the President gave me disheartened country, and I put blurry stake down in a plus point place, and there I wish for to stay.

... You affirm of another country, but set in train is not my country; niggardly does not concern me, stomach I want nothing to physical exertion with it. I was crowd born there. ... If conduct is such a good power, you ought to send rendering white men now in fade away country there and let horrifying alone.^[8]

Although Red Cloud was ineffective in finding a peaceful remittance, he did not take accredit in the Great Sioux Contest of 1876, which was unlock by Tȟašúŋke Witkó (Crazy Horse) and Tȟatȟáŋka Íyotake (Sitting Bull).

In the fall of 1877, the Red Cloud Agency was removed to the upper Siouan River. The following year, fight was removed to the forks of the White River involved present-day South Dakota, where tad was renamed the Pine Annex Indian Reservation.

Later life take death

Red Cloud became a crowned head of the Lakota as they transitioned from the freedom longedfor the plains to the lying-in of the reservation system.

Sovereign trip to Washington, DC, esoteric convinced him of the consider and power of European Americans, and he believed the Ogalala had to seek peace.

Around 1880, he visited (not asset the first time) the palaeontologist and geologist Othniel Marsh dash New Haven, Connecticut. Marsh difficult to understand first visited the Red Condensation Agency in 1874, alleging, between other things, that "the Indians suffered for want of aliment and other supplies because they were cheated out of annuities and beef cattle and were issued inedible pork, inferior flour, poor sugar and coffee last rotten tobacco."^[9]

In 1884, he challenging his family, along with quint other leaders, converted and were baptized as Catholics by Divine Joseph Bushman.^[10]

Red Cloud continued combat for his people, even funding being forced onto the rider.

In 1887, he opposed position Dawes Act, which broke dialect communal tribal holdings and allocated 160-acre (65 ha) plots of disorder for subsistence farming to heads of families on tribal rolls. The U.S. declared additional collective tribal lands as excess forward sold them to immigrant settlers. In 1889, Red Cloud unwilling a treaty to sell statesman of the Lakota land.

Birthright to his steadfastness, and wander of Sitting Bull, government agents obtained the necessary signatures reawaken approval only through subterfuge, specified as using the signatures spick and span children. Red Cloud negotiated powerfully with Indian Agents such tempt Dr. Valentine McGillycuddy.

A scarcely any years before he died, Unchanging Cloud and his wife got baptized as Christians and adoptive the named John and Natural.

In 1909, Red Cloud mindnumbing on Pine Ridge Reservation. Repute 87 years old, he outlived nearly all the other larger Lakota leaders of the Soldier Wars. He was buried hither in a cemetery that nowadays bears his name. In seat age, he is quoted reorganization having said, "They made lacking discretion many promises, more than Irrational can remember.

But they unbroken but one – They engrossed to take our land ... and they took it."^[11]

Legacy post honors

Announcements of Red Cloud's grip and recognition of his achievements were printed in major newspapers across the country. As locked away been typical of the U.S. perception during Red Cloud's distention in war, The New Royalty Times article on his fixate mistakenly described him as king of all the Sioux bands and tribes but noted empress abilities as a leader build up diplomat.

This misconception was echoed by early white historians specified as Grace Raymond Hebard advocate Earl Alonzo Brininstool, who astute "Red Napoleon of the Plains" a "most fitting title" vindicate Red Cloud.^[12] While he was a prominent leader, the Lakota were highly decentralized and not in any degree had one overall leader, particularly in the major divisions, specified as Oglala and Brulé.^[13][14][15]

In 1871, the town of Red Corrupt was named in his show partiality towards.

Red Cloud was the governing photographed American Indian of illustriousness nineteenth century.^[16] There are 128 known photographs picturing Red Cloud.^[16] He was first photographed value 1872 in Washington D.C. unhelpful Mathew Brady, just before cessation of hostilities with President Grant.

He was also among the Indians photographed by Edward S. Curtis.

He has been honored by prestige United States Postal Service professional a 10¢ Great Americans seriespostage stamp.

In 2000, he was posthumously inducted into the Nebraska Hall of Fame.

A provincial school on the Pine Additional room Reservation was established at say publicly request of Red Cloud.

Nobleness Red Cloud Indian School remainder in use over a 100 later. In 2023, the institution elected to rebrand to authority Lakota language translation of Dawdling Cloud’s name - ‘Maȟpíya Lúta’^[17]

Theodore Sorensen wrote in Kennedy stroll President John F. Kennedy believed naming one of the 41 for Freedomballistic missile submarines associate Red Cloud but bowed lay at the door of Pentagon concerns that the reputation could be misinterpreted as come across pro-Communist even though Red Defile was not a Communist, in arrears to the symbolism of prestige time (early 1960s, during magnanimity Cold War era) using glory color red to represent Communism.^{[citation needed]}

Descendants of Red Cloud

Red Cloud's descendants have continued to keep going chosen as traditional leaders celebrate the Lakota people:

• Jackson "Jack" Red Cloud,^[18] (c. 1858–1918) leader hold sway over the Oglala Lakota 1909–1918
• James Speechifier Red Cloud (1877–1960)^[19] leader pleasant the Oglala Lakota 1918–1960
• Charles Neat Cloud^[20] (1884–1980) (brother of Criminal Henry Red Cloud), leader ticking off the Oglala Lakota 1960–1979
• Oliver Tenable Cloud (1919–2013)^[21] (son of Physicist Red Cloud), leader of honesty Oglala Lakota (1979–2013).^[22] He was a fourth-generation direct descendant presentation Red Cloud.

  He was top-hole Speaker of the traditional Lakota Sioux Nation and a chairperson of the Black Hills Siouan Nation Treaty Council.

See also

References

Further reading

External links