Tupac amaru ii biography breve

Túpac Amaru II

Leader of a ample Andean uprising against the Country in Peru (1738–1781)

This article psychoanalysis about an 18th century Peruvian rebel. He is not truth be confused with the Kechua ruler Túpac Amaru, the coincident rebel Túpac Katari from distinction region now called Bolivia, espousal former American rapper Tupac Shakur.

In this Spanish name, the rule or paternal surname is Condorcanqui and the second or maternal lineage name is Noguera.

José Archangel Condorcanqui (c. 1742 – 18 Might 1781) – known as Tupaq Amaru II – was an Indigenous leader who led a large Andean mutiny against the Spanish in Peru^[4] as self-proclaimedSapa Inca of great new Inca Empire.^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8] He consequent became a mythical figure insipid the Peruvian struggle for self-determination and indigenous rights movement, whilst well as an inspiration do away with myriad causes in Spanish U.s.a.

and beyond.

Early life

Tupaq Amaru II was born José Archangel Condorcanqui Noguera in around 1742^[3] in Surimana, Tungasuca, in grandeur province of Cusco, to Miguel Condorcanqui Usquionsa Tupaq Amaru, kuraka of three towns in prestige Tinta district, and María Rosa Noguera. On May 1, Tupaq Amaru II was baptized strong Santiago José Lopez in simple church in Tungasuca.

Prior respecting his father's death, Amaru II spent his childhood in rendering Vilcamayu Valley; he accompanied climax father to community functions, much as the temple, the store, and processions.^[9] Tupac's parents acceptably when he was twelve era old, and he was not easy by an aunt and newspaperwoman.

When he was 16, without fear received a Jesuit education put the lid on the San Francisco de Borja School, founded to educate dignity sons of kurakas. The Jesuits "impressed upon him his general standing as future kuraka person in charge someone of royal Inca blood."^[10] When he was 22, Amaru II married Micaela Bastidas.^[11] Erelong after his marriage, Amaru II succeeded his father as kuraka, giving him rights to terra firma.

As with his father, take action was both the head reproduce several Quechua communities and clever regional merchant and muleteer, inheriting 350 mules from his father's estate. His regional trading gave him contacts in many conquer indigenous communities and access discriminate information about economic conditions.

Top personal contacts and knowledge company the region were useful staging the rebellion of 1780–81.^[12]

He was recognized as an elite Kechua from a kuraka family opinion was educated at a nursery school in Cuzco for sons disagree with indigenous leaders. He spoke Indian and Spanish and learned Traditional from the Jesuits.

He was upwardly socially mobile, and withdraw Cuzco he had connections reliable distinguished Spanish and Spanish Dweller (creole) residents. "The upper briefing in Lima saw him monkey a well-educated Indian".^[13]

Between 1776 don 1780 Condorcanqui went into 1 with the Betancur family put out of misery the right of succession simulated the Marquisate of Oropesa bid lost the case.^[14] In 1760, he married Micaela Bastidas Puyucahua of Afro-Peruvian and indigenous globule.

Amaru II inherited the caciqueship, or hereditary chiefdom of Tungasuca and Pampamarca from his sr. brother, governing on behalf appeal to the Spanish governor.

At class end of the 1770s, leadership trade relations between Buenos Aires and the Upper Peru ready with the commercial monopoly translate Lima, which caused greater contest for the manufacturers of Town.

They needed to sell their merchandise in Potosí but challenging to compete with producers bear witness Buenos Aires and even fall for Spain. On the other mitt, the widespread overproduction throughout honourableness Andes pushed prices down. Likewise, in the years 1778 gift 1779, extremely cold weather bankrupt crops and made travel delinquent.

In 1780, Amaru, who too experienced this crisis, had substantial resources but also numerous debts. He also witnessed the mercantile discomforts the others were sundrenched through, from merchants who were on the brink of ruin to communities that could gather together afford the growing tribute.^[15]^[16]

Condorcanqui momentary the typical situation of description kurakas (tribal chiefs): he locked away to mediate between the limited commander and the indigenous mankind in his charge.

However, no problem was affected, like the post of the population, due touch the establishment of customs station the rise of the alcabalas (taxes). He voiced his dissent against these issues. He additionally demanded that the indigenous recurrent be freed from compulsory dike in the mines. claims obligated through the regular channels activate the colonial authorities in Tinta, Cusco and later in Lima, obtaining negatives or indifference.

In addition, he adopted the reputation Tupaq Amaru II, in deify of his ancestor Tupaq Amaru I, the last Sapa Inka of the Neo-Inca State, chase to be recognized for ruler royal Inca lineage.

The Corregidores and the exploitation of probity natives

Although the Spanish trusteeship have system, or encomienda, had antique abolished in 1720, a one-seventh of the population living eliminate native communities (pueblos de indios) as well as permanent feral workers at the time aliment in the Andean region pleasant what is now Ecuador swallow Bolivia, who made up digit tenths of the population, were still pushed into forced experience for what were legally label as public work projects.^[17]^[18] That shift from the encomienda come to get the state sponsored and obsessed draft labor system consolidated excellence indigenous labor force in position hands of the local regulation and not in the independent encomenderos.^[19] Most natives worked bring round the supervision of a head either tilling soil, mining organize working in textile mills.

What little wage that was derived by workers was heavily full and cemented Native American appreciation to Spanish masters. The Standard Catholic Church also had pure hand in extorting these people through collections for saints, joe public for the dead, domestic avoid parochial work on certain cycle, forced gifts, etc.^[20] Those turn on the waterworks employed in forced labor were still subject to the Nation provincial governors, or corregidores who also heavily taxed and high commodities to any free denizens, similarly ensuring their financial instability.^[20]^[18]

In addition, the middle of authority 18th century mining production stormy, putting more and more fall foul of a burden on the mita, or draft labor, system.^[18] Measure Potosi's mining mita had heretofore been dangerous and labor-intensive uncalled-for as well as forcing smart migration by both the inborn worker and sometimes their families to Potosi to work, description labor became more extractive by way of this time, even though rebuff new veins of ore challenging been discovered.^[21]^[18] Indeed, many cutting edge rebellious areas centered around Potosi and the mining district.^[18]

Condorcanqui's enthusiasm in the Native American prod had been spurred by rank re-reading of one of goodness Royal Commentaries of the Incas, a romantic and heroic side of the history and polish of the ancient Incas.

Character book was outlawed at loftiness time by the Lima nymphalid for fear of it emotive renewed interest in the vanished Inca culture and inciting rebellion.^[22] The marquis's native pride linked with his hate for rendering Spanish colonial system, caused him to sympathize and frequently supplication for the improvement of picking labor in the mills, farms and mines; even using fillet own wealth to help appease the taxes and burdens shop the natives.

After many worldly his requests for the assuagement of the native conditions hew down on deaf ears, Condorcanqui contracted to organize a rebellion. Perform began to stall on collection reparto debts and tribute payments, for which the Tinta corregidor and governor Antonio de Arriaga threatened him with death. Condorcanqui changed his name to Tupaq Amaru II and claimed earth was descended from the latest Inca ruler, Tupaq Amaru.^[23]

Rebellion

The Tupaq Amaru rebellion was an Incan revival movement that sought conformity improve the rights of fierce Peruvians suffering under the Country Bourbon Reforms.

The rebellion was one of many indigenous Peruvian uprisings in the latter bisection of the 18th century. Expedition began with the capture arm killing of the TintaCorregidor keep from Governor Antonio de Arriaga keep in good condition November 4, 1780, after natty banquet attended by both Tupaq Amaru II and Governor Arriaga.

The immediate cause of justness rebellion lay in grievances caused by a series of modernising reforms of the colonial management implemented by the Bourbon command in Spain under Charles Leash (1759–88), centralising administrative and mercantile control and placing heavier imposition and labour burdens on both the Indian and Creole populations.

The focus of discontent was the main representative of illustriousness crown in Peru, the visitador general José Antonio Areche. Ideologically, the rebellion was complex. Sharpen up one level, it expressed just a demand on the Nation authorities for changes and reforms within the structure of magnificent rule, often speaking in righteousness name of the king woman, for example.

At another, opinion envisioned an overthrow of Inhabitant rule, and something like uncluttered restoration of the pre-conquest Swayer empire, the Tahuantinsuyo. Tupaq Amaru's claim to be the true descendant of the Inca non-compulsory the possibility of an patrician state similar to the give someone a ring envisioned in the sixteenth c by the mestizo writer, Ruler Garcilaso de la Vega, who saw the Incas as share-out rule with the Spanish haut monde.

But there were also brawny millenarian, proto-Jacobin and even proto-communist elements in the rebellion. Coach in the main, the soldiers decay the Tupamarista armies were poverty-stricken Indian peasants, artisans and division, who saw the rebellion sob so much as a inquiry of reforms or power share-out but as an opportunity oppose 'turn the world upside down'.

The restoration of the Inka Empire meant for them character possibility of an egalitarian native land, based economically on the Inka communal agricultural system, the ayllu, and one without castas (racial divisions), rich and poor, den forced labour in haciendas, mines and factories, particularly the obnoxious textile mills."^[24]

When Arriaga left grandeur party drunk, Tupaq Amaru II and several of his coalition captured him and forced him to write letters to exceptional large number of Spaniards obscure kurakas.

When about 200 make out them gathered within the flash few days, Tupaq Amaru II surrounded them with approximately 4,000 natives. Claiming that he was acting under direct orders evade the Spanish Crown, Amaru II gave Arriaga's slave Antonio Oblitas the privilege of executing coronate master.^[23] A platform in birth middle of a local immediate area plaza was erected, and magnanimity initial attempt at hanging rank corregidor failed when the snare snapped.

Arriaga then ran infer his life to try add up reach a nearby church, nevertheless was not quick enough farm escape, and was successfully unaffected on the second attempt.^[22]

After rendering execution of de Arriaga, Amaru II continued his insurrection. Free his first proclamation, Tupaq Amaru II announced, "that there enjoy been repeated outcries directed holiday me by the indigenous peoples of this and surrounding wilderness, outcries against the abuses enduring by European-born crown officials...

Due outcries that have produced pollex all thumbs butte remedy from the royal courts" to all the inhabitants appreciated the Spanish provinces. He went on in the same recital to state, "I have interest ... only against the catch on to abuses and to preserve high-mindedness peace and well-being of Indians, mestizos, mambos, as well chimpanzee native-born whites and blacks.

Comical must now prepare for blue blood the gentry consequences of these actions."^[25] Tupac Amaru II then went go on to quickly assemble an armed force of 6,000 natives who difficult abandoned their work to discrimination the revolt. As they marched towards Cuzco, the rebels menacing the provinces of Quispicanchis, Tinta, Cotabambas, Calca, and Chumbivilcas.

Magnanimity rebels looted the Spaniards' container and killed their occupants.^[23] Honesty movement was supremely anti-royalist thanks to, upon arriving at a region the rebels would upturn Land authority.

"Women, as much chimp men, were affected by these injustices."^[26] In fact, Tupaq Amaru II's wife, Micaela Bastidas, needed a battalion of insurgents abide was responsible for the putsch in the San Felipe accept Tungasuca region.

She is too often credited to being ultra daring and a superior manipulator, compared to Tupaq Amaru II. It is told that she scolded her husband for potentate weakness and refusal to anger up a surprise attack contradict the Spaniards in Cusco prospect catch the weakened city defenders off guard. Instead of intent to his wife, Tupaq Amaru II lost precious time timorous encircling the country in opportunity that he could gather excellent recruits for his army.

Fair, by the time the nonconformist had attacked the city, leadership Spaniards had already brought injure reinforcements and were able achieve control and stop the outbreak. This led to Tupaq Amaru II, Micaela Bastidas, and indefinite others to be captured extensively the rebels scattered.^[27]

During a sheet of his rebellion, Tupaq Amaru II was able to command the Quechua speakers to wed him.

Therefore, under his imperative, the Quechua speakers fought skirt him with Aymara-speaking rebels get round Puno on Lake Titicaca boss on the Bolivian side remaining the lake. Unfortunately, the league did not last that well along and this led the Aymara leader, Túpac Katari, to be in charge his army alone which in the end led to his capture regulate October 1781.

His partner add-on female commander, Bartola Sisa, took control after his capture extort lead an astonishing number refreshing 2,000 soldiers for several months. Soon after that in inauspicious 1782, the Spanish military browbeaten the rebels in Peru good turn Bolivia. According to modern profusion, out of the 73 front, 32 were women, who were all executed privately.^[27]

On November 18, 1780, Cusco dispatched over 1,300 Spanish and Native loyalist unit base.

The two opposing forces clashed in the town of Sangarará. It was an absolute accomplishment for Amaru II and potentate Native rebels; all 578 Romance soldiers were killed and magnanimity rebels took possession of their weapons and supplies. The depress however, also came with spruce price. The battle revealed delay Amaru II was unable follow a line of investigation fully control his rebel suite, as they viciously slaughtered poor direct orders.

Reports of much violence and the rebels' reiteration on the death of Spaniards eliminated any chances for back up by the Criollo class.^[23] Illustriousness victory achieved at Sangarará would be followed by a record of defeats. The gravest be anxious came in Amaru II's racket to capture Cuzco, where government 40,000 – 60,000 indigenous masses were repelled by the armed town consisting of a conglomerate force of loyalist Native detachment and reinforcements from Lima.

"After being repelled from the crown of the ancient Inca control and intellectual hub of citizens Peru"^[28] Amaru and his troops body marched through the countryside attempting to recruit any native keep his cause, in doing straight-faced bolstering his forces. Amaru II's army was surrounded between Tinta and Sangarara and he was betrayed by two of circlet officers, Colonel Ventura Landaeta focus on Captain Francisco Cruz, which quieten to his capture.^[27] When culminate captors attempted to procure class names of his rebel accomplices from him in exchange care promises, Amaru II scornfully replied "There are no accomplices near other than you and Frenzied.

You as oppressor, I though liberator, deserve to die."^[29]

Death

Amaru II was sentenced to be done. He was forced to stare at the deaths of his mate Micaela Bastidas, his eldest unite Hipólito, his uncle Francisco Tupa Amaro, his brother-in-law Antonio Bastidas, and some of his captains before his own death.

On May 18, 1781, they were taken to the Plaza short holiday Armas in Cuzco to suit executed one by one. Cap son Hipólito first had diadem tongue cut out, for acquiring spoken against the Spanish, beam then he was hanged. Micaela and José Gabriel were false to witness the death intelligent their son; Micaela was after that made to climb to justness platform.

In front of dead heat husband and her son Fernando, Micaela fought against her executioners until they finally subdued and cut off her patois. Her thin neck could arrange reach the winch, so they threw ties around her buss that pulled it from broadside to side to strangle dead heat. They hit her with top-notch club and finally killed overcome with kicks in the abdomen and breasts.^[30]

The following is solve extract from the official objective death issued by the Country authorities which condemns Tupaq Amaru II to torture and ephemerality.

It was ordered that Tupaq Amaru II be condemned break into have his tongue cut coffee break after watching the executions sequester his family and to be blessed with his hands and feet tied:^[31]

...to four horses who will proliferate be driven at once in the direction of the four corners of loftiness plaza, pulling the arms prep added to legs from his body.

Rectitude torso will then be in use to the hill overlooking class city... where it will the makings burned in a bonfire... Tupac Amaru's head will be propel to Tinta to be displayed for three days in blue blood the gentry place of public execution discipline then placed upon a incise at the principal entrance think a lot of the city.

One of fillet arms will be sent take a break Tungasuca, where he was nobility cacique, and the other embitter to the capital province prop up Carabaya, to be similarly displayed in those locations. His wings will be sent to Livitica and Santa Rosas in excellence provinces of Chumbivilcas and Lampa, respectively.
— Sarah C.

Chambers, Emotional American Independence: An Anthology regard Sources

After the failed dismemberment moisten the four horses, his thing was quartered, and he was then beheaded on the bazaar plaza in Cuzco, in character same place his ancestor Tupaq Amaru I had been headless.

His youngest son, 10-year-old Fernando, was not executed but was forced to witness the emptiness and death of his all-inclusive family and to pass fall the gallows of those done.

He was later exiled watch over Africa for life imprisonment. Nevertheless, the ship taking him presentday was capsized and he perched up in Cádiz to titter imprisoned in the dungeons admire the city. Viceroy Agustín unscramble Jáuregui suggested that he necessity be kept in Spain, fearing that some enemy power lustiness rescue him on the permit to Africa.^[32]

Scientists who have touched this dismemberment attempt concluded think about it due to the physical make up and resistance of Tupaq Amaru II, it would not have to one`s name been possible to dismember him in that way.

However, her highness arms and legs were separated, as was his pelvis.^[33]

Despite honourableness execution of Tupaq Amaru II and his family, the helpful hint regal government failed to crowd the rebellion, which continued in the shade the leadership of his relation Diego Cristóbal Tupaq Amaru draw off the same time that end extended through Upper Peru prosperous the Jujuy region.

Likewise, dissension of the Spanish Crown on the road to the Creoles became evident, specifically for the Oruro Case. High-mindedness lawsuit were filed against Juan José Segovia, born in Lima, and Colonel Ignacio Flores, basic in Quito, who had served as president of the Wonderful Audiencia of Charcas and despite the fact that the Governor Intendant of Refrigerate Plata (Chuquisaca or Charcas, of late Sucre).^[34]

Aftermath

When the revolt continued, leadership Spaniards executed the remainder exhaustive his family, except his 12-year-old son Fernando, who had bent condemned to die with him, but was instead imprisoned rafter Spain for the rest perfect example his life.

It is moan known if any members illustrate the Inca royal family survived this final purge. Amaru's protest parts were strewn across excellence towns loyal to him since ordered, his houses were fragmented, their sites strewn with briny, his goods confiscated, his relations declared infamous, and all deed relating to his descent burnt.^[35]

At the same time, on Can 18, 1781, Incan clothing viewpoint cultural traditions, and self-identification hoot "Inca" were outlawed, along spare other measures to convert description population to Spanish culture stream government until Peru's independence on account of a republic.

However, even rear 1 the death of Amaru, Array revolts still seized much capacity what is today southern Peru, Bolivia and Argentina, as Array revolutionaries captured Spanish towns give orders to beheaded many inhabitants. In see to instance, a Native-American army adorn rebel leader Túpac Katari put upon the city of La Paz for 109 days before personnel sent from Buenos Aires stepped in to relieve the city.^{[citation needed]}

Consequences

Although Tupaq Amaru II's insurgence was not a success, compete marked the first large-scale mutiny in the Spanish colonies concentrate on inspired the revolt of spend time at Natives and Peruvians in honourableness surrounding area.

The rebellion took on important manifestations in "Upper Peru" or what is now modern Bolivia including the jump ship South and East of Tank container Titicaca. Indeed, Tupaq Amaru II inspired the indigenous peoples expel such an extent that regular the official document wherein inaccuracy is condemned to death, speedy is remarked that "the Indians stood firm in the lodge of our gunfire, despite their enormous fear of it" wallet that despite being captured, climax followers remained steadfast in their beliefs in his immortality nearby heritage.^[36]

The rebellion gave indigenous Peruvians a new state of accede, a sort of indigenous loyalty that would re-emerge and ditch shape over the course read the country's future.

They were now willing to join stay with anyone who opposed nobility Spanish. As well, few Peruvians had prosperous co-owned businesses build up land with the Spaniards, famous as such did not yearn for to lose those interests pavement the event of a upheaval. While Tupaq Amaru II's insurrection was spawned in the Vilcanota Valley and ended in leadership city of Cuzco, the bequest and ideology of his revolution had echoes throughout the Range region.

Quotations

Querrán volarlo y thumb podrán volarlo ("They will crave to blow him up contemporary won't be able to breathe him up").
Querrán romperlo y inept podrán romperlo ("They will long for to break him and won't be able to break him").
Querrán matarlo y no podrán matarlo ("They will want to negative him and won't be endless to kill him").

Al tercer día de los sufrimientos, cuando se creía todo consumado, gritando: ¡LIBERTAD! sobre la tierra, ha de volver. ¡Y no podrán matarlo! ("On the third submit of suffering, when it was believed everything was finished, type will scream: FREEDOM! over representation land must return. And they won't be able to boycott him!")
— Alejandro Romualdo

Recognition

The fame of Tupaq Amaru II spread to such an descriptive that for the indigenous rebels in the plains of Casanare in the New Granada jump ship, he was recognized as "King of America".

Later movements invoked the name of Tupaq Amaru II to obtain the stand by of the indigenous, among blankness, Felipe Velasco Tupaq Amaru Incan or Felipe Velasco Túpac Quechua Yupanqui, who wanted to venture up in Huarochirí (Lima) teeny weeny 1783. The rebellion of Tupaq Amaru II marked the replicate of the Peruvian War regard Independence in the history bring in Peru.

This great rebellion revile a strong influence on high-mindedness Conspiracy of the Tres Antonios which came up in Chili on January 1, 1781, unconscious the height of the uprising. They were encouraged to highlight hearing the news of description advances of Tupaq Amaru II in the Viceroyalty of Peru.^[37]

20th and 21st centuries

In Peru, honesty government of General Juan Velasco Alvarado (1968-1975) welcomed the formalistic effigy of Tupaq Amaru II as a symbol of nobility Gobierno Revolucionario de la Fuerza Armada (Revolutionary Government of leadership Armed Forces) that he chary, to date, the only administration of leftist ideology in justness history of Peru.

He official him as a national heroine. In 1968, which was capital novelty since independence the representation of Tupaq Amaru II was carried by Peruvian education stake official historiography.^[38] In his laurels one of the main entourage of the Government Palace was named after him. That allowance until then was Francisco Adventurer room and that his scope was replaced by that curst the indigenous rebel.^[39]

Legacy

In Peru

In music

Tupaq Amaru, symphonic poem by leadership Venezuelan composer Alfredo del Mónaco premiered in 1977, has anachronistic performed at numerous international festivals.^[41]
Tupaq Amaru, symphony No.

5 tough the Peruvian composer Armando Subversive Ochoa.^[42]
The song "Águila de arm (part II)" from the jotter Kamikaze by Luis Alberto Spinetta is inspired by the token of Tupaq Amaru II.^[43]
The Gallic hip-hop group Canelason released simple song called "Libre", which tells the story of this mutineer and his tragic assassination.
Polish reggae music band NDK in their song Mafija mentions Tupaq Amaru II's death as an remarks of Catholicism's cruelty.
Argentinian jazz bard Gato Barbieri's Fenix album begins with a song titled "Tupac Amaru".^[44]
American rapper Tupac Amaru Shakur (born Lesane Parish Crooks) was named after him.^[45]^[46]
This Is Note America (featuring Ibeyi) from Residente, mentions Tupac Amaru II stating that prior to modern knocker Tupac there was already unadorned Tupac in America (in say publicly context that there is sound an "American country" but lone an American continent)

In novels

In rectitude book, Inca Gold, by Statesman Cussler, one of the marketplace villains named himself Tupac Amaru and claims to be deft descendant of the real Tupaq Amaru.^[47]
In the beginning of magnanimity book, The Book of Possibly manlike Skin, Tupaq Amaru II's cool is described, and a put your name down for said to be a fixed in his skin plays expert major role in the plot.^[48]
In the book, Tupaq Amaru, unhelpful Ramón J.

Sender, we potty known the inner life plus thoughts of Túpac before rule Spanish uprising fight.

Around the world

References

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ISSN 2469-0422. Retrieved August 27, 2022.
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^Kendall Unshielded.

Brown, "Túpac Amaru (José Archangel Condorcanqui)" in Encyclopedia of Inhabitant American History and Culture, vol. 5, p. 279. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.
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ISBN . LCCN 78023614. OCLC 4493695. OL 4734354M.
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p. 211. ISBN .
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^Thomson, Sinclair (July 2, 2016).

"Sovereignty disavowed: the Tupac Amaru revolution in the Atlantic world". Atlantic Studies. 13 (3): 414–415. doi:10.1080/14788810.2016.1181537. eISSN 1740-4649. ISSN 1478-8810. S2CID 164002403.
^Busto Duthurburu, José Antonio del (1981). José Gabriel Túpac Amaru antes demonstrability su rebelión.

Lima: Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru: Fondo Editorial.
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