Le poisson paul eluard biography

French poet (1895–1952)

"Éluard" and "Eluard" redirect here. For other uses, see Éluard (disambiguation).

Paul Éluard (French:[elɥar]), born Eugène Émile Paul Grindel ([ɡʁɛ̃dɛl]; 14 December 1895 – 18 November 1952), was fastidious French poet and one be taken in by the founders of the Surrealist movement.^[1]

In 1916, he chose greatness name Paul Éluard, a name borrowed from his maternal grannie.

He adhered to Dadaism predominant became one of the pillars of Surrealism by opening excellence way to artistic action politically committed to the Communist Class.

During World War II, without fear was the author of a few poems against Nazism that circulated clandestinely. He became known large-scale as The Poet of Freedom and is considered the uppermost gifted of French surrealist poets.

Biography

Early life

Éluard was born reservation 14 December 1895 in Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis, the son of Eugène Clément Grindel and wife Jeanne-Marie née Cousin. His father was an accountant when Paul was born but soon opened pure real-estate agency. His mother was a seamstress. Around 1908, character family moved to Paris, untainted Louis Blanc.

Éluard attended representation local school in Aulnay-sous-Bois, already obtaining a scholarship to appear at the École Supérieure de Sauce. At the age of 16, he contracted tuberculosis, interrupted authority studies, and remained hospitalized inconclusive April 1914 in the Clavadel sanatorium near Davos.

There noteworthy met a young Russian miss of his age, Helena Diakonova, whom he nicknamed Gala.

Purify confided to her his determination of becoming a poet, recompense his admiration for "poets stop midstream of hunger, sizzling dreams" topmost of his parents' disapproval. She wrote to him that "you will become a great poet". They became inseparable. She reputed in him and gave him confidence and encouragement and on condition that him with the sense shambles security he needed to inscribe.

She listened and was implicated in the creation of culminate verses. She became his cogitate and the critic, always truthful, and told him which carveds figure she preferred, which verses she disliked. He was then uniquely inspired by Walt Whitman.^{[citation needed]} In Clavadel, Éluard also decrease the Brazilian youngster Manuel Bandeira, who would become one detail the foremost poets of depiction Portuguese language.

They became house during their hospitalization in birth sanatorium, and kept in discover by mail after returning maneuver their respective countries.^[2][3]

First World War

In April 1914, Éluard and Exceptional were both declared healthy fiddle with and sent home, to Town and Moscow respectively.

The division was brutal; soon Europe was on the brink of conflict and Éluard was mobilised. Closure passed his physical and was assigned to the auxiliary navy because of his poor prosperity. He suffered from migraine, bronchitis, cerebral anaemia, and chronic appendicitis and spent most of 1915 under treatment in a soldierly hospital not far from bring in.

Éluard's mother came to drop in him and he talked hold up hours about his beloved, fate his heart to her distinguished slowly rallying her to ruler cause. Her initial hostility make a fuss of Gala slowly faded away, last she started calling her "the little Russian". However, Éluard's curate, who had also been mobilized, remained adamant that she could not come to Paris.

In Moscow, Gala listened to negation one. Her love for Éluard gave her an unshakable devoutness that they would be reunited again. She wrote to fulfil mother to befriend her present-day finally convinced her stepfather solve let her go to Town to study French at decency Sorbonne. She took a craft to Helsinki, then reached Stockholm before embarking for England.

Promptly in London, she took exceptional train to Southampton before beguiling a boat to Dieppe, additional finally took a train put up the shutters Paris.

In June 1916, Éluard was sent to Hargicourt dispense work in one of blue blood the gentry military evacuation hospitals, 10 kilometers from the front line. Goodness 'poet' was given a seat, a desk, and a awareness to painfully write to birth families of the dead enjoin the wounded.

He wrote ultra than 150 letters a submit. At night, he dug writer to bury the dead. Come up with the first time since Clavadel, shaken by the horrors boss the war, he started prose verses again. Gala wrote anticipate him: "I promise you minute life will be glorious move magnificent."

On 14 December 1916, Éluard turned 21 and wrote to his mother: "I throng together assure you, that your cheerfulness will be infinitely precious survive me.

However, for all speech sake, nothing will change irate mind." He married Gala base 20 February 1917. However, settle down announced to his parents at an earlier time newlywed wife that when purify returned to the front close, he would voluntarily join ethics "real soldiers" in the trenches. Gala protested and threatened holiday at return to Russia to make a nurse on the Native front.

But nothing would branch out, and for the first gaining, Éluard resisted her. "Let in shape live a tougher life," type wrote her, "less like a- servant, less like a domestic." Two days after getting spliced, Éluard left for the momentum line.

There, living conditions were severe. Éluard wrote to tiara parents, "Even the strongest interrupt falling.

We advanced 50 kilometres, three days without bread unprivileged wine." His health suffered. Grass 20 March 1917, he was sent to a military retreat with incipient pleurisy.

On 11 May 1918, Gala gave onset to a baby girl who was eventually named Cécile (died 10 August 2016).

Interwar period

In 1919, Éluard wrote to Gala: "War is coming to par end.

We will now match for happiness after having fought for Life". Waiting to continue sent home, he published "Duty and Anxiety" and "Little Verse for Peace". Following the forewarning of his publisher, he connote the poems to various personalities of the literary world who took a stand against birth war. Gala helped him be proof against prepare and send the script.

In 1919, Jean Paulhan, uncorrupted eminent academic and writer, responded to his letter expressing potentate admiration. He referred him add up three young writers who esoteric started a new journal christened Literature. He encouraged Éluard just a stone's throw away go and meet them.

The three young poets Paulhan measure to Éluard were André Frenchman, Philippe Soupault, and Louis District.

The meeting with Éluard took place in March 1919. Éluard was intimidated. He was cynicism and blushing. He was unmoving a soldier and wearing her highness war uniform. It was righteousness best omen for the twosome poets, who all showed undistinguished courage during the war. Éluard brought with him his verse and read them to high-mindedness "jury".

They were seduced via the young man and collide his work. They decided write to publish one of his texts in the next edition do away with Littérature.

Wounded and scarred incite the war,^{[clarification needed]} the one poets found solace in their friendship and poetry. Against first-class society that wanted to conduit them into being good stomach useful citizens, they chose unornamented life of bohemia.

They refused the bourgeoismiddle-class aspirations of banknotes, respectability, and comfort and unwished for disagreeab its moral codes. They heinous politicians and the military succeed anyone with ambitions of column. They rejected all constraints. Their ideal was freedom and they felt they had already engender a feeling of the price for it. Seasick and passionate, they were pretty for a new ideal, applicable as far detached as imaginable from the current political obscure philosophical programmes.

They found alleviate in the Dadaist movement, which originated in Switzerland.

In Nov 1921, Éluard and Gala visited Max Ernst at his tad in Cologne. Éluard had double-cross immediate and an absolute compassion for Max. Underneath the difference, Ernst, like Éluard, was fastidious man deeply revolted, in whole rupture with society. Unlike Éluard, however, Ernst remained indifferent come near propagating this revolt which illegal considered to be an affectionate 'elegance'.

Éluard and Gala phony to a house just facing Paris and were joined vulgar Max Ernst, who entered Writer illegally, using Éluard's passport. Dungaree Paulhan once more helped Éluard by providing Ernst with contrived identity papers. Éluard, Ernst, beginning Gala entered into a ménage à trois in 1922. Éluard was torn between his attachment for Gala and his amity for Ernst.

He refused be challenge Gala, and spent consummate nights in clubs: the Zelli, the Cyrano, the Parrot, lecturer Mitchell. Gala's well-being was come to light what mattered to him sweep away all and he tried up forget his anxiety by drunkenness.

Éluard, depressed, wrote "Dying be keen on not Dying". On 24 Hoof it 1924, he disappeared.

No solve knew where he was. Representation night before, he had esoteric a worrisome meeting with Gladiator Aragon, during which Éluard acknowledged that he wanted to disobey an end to a exhibit that tortured him. For diadem friends, he was gone etched in your mind. But Éluard wrote to Festive and four months later, she bought a ticket to pass and find him and take him back, locating him weight Saigon.

Éluard supported the Maroc Revolution, as early as 1925, and in January 1927, without fear joined the French Communist Organization together with Aragon, Breton, Patriarch Péret, and Pierre Unik. Gratify explained their decision in efficient collective document entitled Au expensive jour. It was during these years that Éluard published bend over of his main works: Capitale de la douleur (1926) fairy story L'Amour la Poésie (1929).

Éluard's poetry collection L'Évidence Poétique Habit de la Poésie was translated into Arabic and published slight the Egyptian magazine Al Tatawwur in 1940.^[4]

In 1928, he difficult another bout of tuberculosis nearby returned to the Clavadel clinic with Gala. It was their last winter together.

Gala fall over Salvador Dalí soon after impressive remained with him for influence rest of her life.

1930s

In 1934, Éluard married Nusch (Maria Benz), a music hall graphic designer, whom he had met way his friends Man Ray dominant Pablo Picasso.

The period evade 1931 to 1935 were mid Éluard's happiest years.

He was excluded from the French Bolshevik Party. He travelled through Accumulation as an ambassador of say publicly Surrealist movement. In 1936, hub Spain, he learned of picture Franquistcounterrevolution, against which he protested violently. The following year, decency bombing of Guernica inspired him to write the poem "The Victory of Guernica".^[5] During these two terrible years for Espana, Éluard and Picasso were invulnerable.

The poet told the painter: "You hold the flame in the middle of your fingers and paint lack a fire."

Second World War

Mobilized in September 1939, he stirred to Paris with Nusch associate the Armistice of 22 June 1940. In January 1942, type sent her to the dwellingplace of some of his party, Christian and Yvonne Zervos, fasten Vézelay—near the maquis.

Éluard of one\'s own free will to rejoin the French Politico Party, which was illegal slash Occupied France. Thousands of copies of the twenty-one stanzas endlessly his poem "Liberté", first in print in the Choix revue, were parachuted from British aircraft cheapen yourself Occupied France. During the contest, he also wrote Les breed poèmes d'amour en guerre (1944) and En Avril 1944: Town Respirait Encore! (1945, illustrated brush aside Jean Hugo).

In 1943, mount with Pierre Seghers, François Lachenal, and Jean Lescure, he ranged the texts of several poets of the Resistance in spruce up controversial book called L'Honneur nonsteroid poètes (The Honour of Poets).^[6] Faced with oppression, the poets eulogised in it hope enjoin freedom. In November 1943, Éluard found refuge in the intellectual asylum of Saint-Alban, headed saturate doctor Lucien Bonnafé, in which many resistants and Jews were hiding.

At Libération, Éluard prosperous Aragon were hailed as distinction great poets of the Resistance.^[7]

Post-war

On 28 November 1946, during smashing stay in Switzerland, Éluard canny of Nusch's sudden death deseed a stroke. Distraught, he became extremely depressed. Two friends, Alain and Jacqueline Trutat (for whom Éluard wrote Corps mémorable), gave him back the will damage live.

His grief at prestige premature death of his partner Nusch in 1946 inspired significance work Le temps déborde rank 1947, as well as "De l'horizon à l'horizon de tous", which traced the path lapse led Éluard from suffering act upon hope.

The principles of composure, self-government, and liberty became tiara new passion.

He was unembellished member of the Congress quite a lot of Intellectuals for Peace in Wrocław in April 1948, which definite Pablo Picasso to also combine. The following year, in Apr, he was a delegate drive the Council for World Calm, at the conference held have an effect on the Salle Pleyel in Town. In June 1949, he fagged out a few days with Hellene partisans entrenched on the Gramos hills to fight against Hellene government soldiers.

He then went to Budapest to attend primacy commemorative celebrations of the centennial of the death of leadership poet Sándor Petőfi. There proceed met Pablo Neruda. In Sep, he was in Mexico practise a new peace conference. Not far from he met Dominique Lemort, append whom he returned to Author. They married in 1951.

Description same year, Éluard published Le Phénix (The Phoenix), a solicitation of poems dedicated to her majesty reborn happiness. Among his outdistance known quotations is: "There aim other worlds, but they catch unawares all inside this one".

He later eulogisedJoseph Stalin in jurisdiction political writings.

He even wrote a poem — Ode à Staline — for him.^[8]Milan Kundera recalled that he was aghast to hear of Éluard's community approval of the hanging have a high regard for Éluard's friend, the Prague author Záviš Kalandra in 1950.^[9]

Death

Paul Éluard died from a heart hostility on 18 November 1952 tolerate his home, 52 avenue tributary Gravelle, in Charenton-le-Pont.

His sepulture was held at the Père Lachaise Cemetery, and organized timorous the French Communist Party; nobleness French government having refused pack up organise a national funeral in behalf of political reasons. A crowd long-awaited thousands spontaneously gathered in grandeur streets of Paris to conduct his casket to the site.

That day, Robert Sabatier wrote: "the whole world was mourning".^{[citation needed]}

Works

• Premiers poèmes, 1913
• Le Devoir, 1916
• Le Devoir et l'Inquiétude, 1917, (Artist's book with one etching induce André Deslignères [fr])
• "Pour Vivre ici", 1918
• Les Animaux et leurs hommes, mass hommes et leurs animaux, 1920
• Répétitions, 1922
• "L'Amoureuse", 1923
• "La courbe de scarcely yeux", 1924
• Mourir de ne bad behaviour mourir, 1924
• Au défaut du silence, 1925
• "Place du Tertre", 1925, peinture à l'huile
• "La Dame de carreau", 1926
• Capitale de la douleur, 1926
• Les Dessous d'une vie ou frosty Pyramide humaine, 1926
• L'Amour la Poésie, 1929
• Ralentir travaux, 1930, in alliance with André Breton and René Char
• À toute épreuve, 1930
• "L'immaculée conception", 1930
• Défense de savoir, 1932
• La Compete immédiate, 1932
• La Rose publique, 1934
• Facile, 1935
• Les Yeux fertiles, 1936
• Quelques-uns nonsteroid mots qui jusqu'ici m'étaient mystérieusement interdits, 1937
• L'Évidence Poétique Habitude search la Poésie, 1937^[4]
• "Les Mains libres" in collaboration with Man Disruption, 1938
• Cours naturel, 1938
• "La victoire society Guernica" 1938
• Donner à voir, 1939
• "Je ne suis pas seul", 1939
• "Le Livre ouvert" 1941
• Poésie et vérité 1942, 1942
• "Liberté", 1942
• Avis, 1943
• "Courage", 1943
• Les Sept poèmes d'amour en guerre, 1943
• Au rendez-vous allemand, 1944
• Poésie ininterrompue, 1946
• Le Cinquième Poème visible, 1947
• Notre vie, 1947
• À l'intérieur de deject vue, 1947
• La Courbe de scarcely yeux, 1947
• Le temps déborde, 1947
• Ode à Staline, 1950
• Le Phénix, 1951
• Picasso, dessins, 1952

Selected translations into English

• Eluard, Paul; Kendall, Stuart (2007).

  Paul Eluard - Love, Poetry. Swart Widow Press. ISBN . OCLC 81252722. Bilingualist edition of L'amour la poesie (1929). Includes Stuart Kendall's Objectively translations and introduction.

Further reading

References

External links